CONSONANTAL AND SYLLABIC REPAIRS OF ARABIC AND DUTCH LOANWORDS IN INDONESIAN: A PHONOLOGICAL ACCOUNT By SALEH SAEED BATAIS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Saleh Saeed Batais 2 “To my dear parents, Rahma and Saeed, in their loving memory” 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writing of this dissertation would have been impossible without the support and guidance of the following. First and above all, I praise Almighty Allah for bestowing upon me the strength and perseverance to successfully complete this work. I also thank King Saud University and particularly the Department of English Language and Literature for fully sponsoring my pursuit of graduate studies which comes to fruition in the realization of this work. I furthermore would like to extend my undying gratitude and appreciation to my principal advisor, Dr. Caroline Wiltshire, for her constructive guidance, unequivocal support, and sincere motivation throughout the dissertation-writing journey. I am extremely thankful to her for being always available to meet with me to discuss both academic and non-academic issues despite her other academic and professional obligations, carefully and diligently reading my dissertation chapters, and punctually providing painstaking and helpful comments and suggestions on every aspect of the study. I must also acknowledge her commitment to developing my background in phonology, and her generosity in allowing me to use her digital recorder on my data- collection trip to Indonesia. Moreover, I am immensely grateful to the highly noted members of my doctoral committee: Dr. Fiona McLaughlin, Dr. Ratree Wayland, and Dr. Christopher Silver, for their agreement to serve on my committee, and for their exquisite feedback and comments. Each member’s invaluable advice and input have contributed to the success of my dissertation. 4 I also thank the staff at UF Library West for their indispensable and continued assistance with my research needs and inquiries. Especially the staff at the Interlibrary Loan, I cannot thank them enough for their amazing service. In addition, I express my thankfulness to Dr. Abigail Cohn (from Cornell University) with whom I discussed my dissertation study, upon my visit to Ithaca, NY in the summer of 2011. Dr. Cohn kindly gave me extensive and thoughtful comments on the data transcription and analyses that meliorated my dissertation. Not only that, but she also introduced me, while I was there, to the Kroch Library, Division of Asia Collections (at Cornell University) where I was able to access many bibliographies that could not be made available by the University of Florida, yet they were very crucial for the enrichment of the dissertation topic. I must also acknowledge the cooperation of the staff at the Kroch Library. Another person I am grateful to is Dr. Mark Dingemanse, from Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, in the Netherlands. His amazing help with the transcription of the Dutch words is greatly appreciated. When it comes to my family, words are powerless to express my gratitude to them. I am forever indebted to my dear wife Maria. Without her unceasing patience, profound love, and abundant encouragement at all times, this work would not have been finished. Never would I forget the many sacrifices she has made to make my success possible. She is truly an exceptional person. To my late parents, I dedicate the whole work. They were proud of me and always believed in me. I still hear my Mom’s best wishes ringing in my ear and remember, verbatim, how she would celebrate my return to Saudi Arabia after graduation. May Allah grant my parents the highest ranks in Paradise! To my 5 brothers, sisters, blood relatives, and in-laws, I owe much debt for their moral support and well-wishes. I hope I have made them proud. Many special thanks also go to my elder sister Nora for her frequent kind-hearted and attentive telephone calls and text messages to ask after me and Maria. Besides, I would like to take a moment to thank my friends from the bottom of my heart for their great help, cheer, and much-needed prayers. Last but not least, my study participants, whom I am obliged not to name, deserve my deepest gratitude for their patience and willingness to take part in the dissertation study. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 12 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 15 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 21 Research Goals ...................................................................................................... 21 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 21 Dissertation Outline ................................................................................................ 25 2 PHONOLOGICAL BACKGROUND......................................................................... 27 Modern Standard Arabic ......................................................................................... 27 Consonantal Phonemic Inventory ..................................................................... 29 Plosives...................................................................................................... 31 Fricatives.................................................................................................... 33 Affricate ...................................................................................................... 36 Nasals ........................................................................................................ 36 Trill ............................................................................................................. 36 Approximants ............................................................................................. 37 Laterals ...................................................................................................... 37 Syllable Structure in MSA ................................................................................. 37 Dutch ...................................................................................................................... 39 Consonantal Phonemic Inventory ..................................................................... 40 Plosives...................................................................................................... 41 Fricatives.................................................................................................... 42 Nasals ........................................................................................................ 44 Trill ............................................................................................................. 45 Approximants ............................................................................................. 46 Lateral ........................................................................................................ 47 Syllable Structure in ABN ................................................................................. 47 Indonesian .............................................................................................................. 48 Consonantal Phonemic Inventory ..................................................................... 50 Plosives...................................................................................................... 52 Fricatives.................................................................................................... 54 Affricates .................................................................................................... 54 Nasals ........................................................................................................ 55 Trill ............................................................................................................. 55 7 Approximants ............................................................................................. 56 Lateral ........................................................................................................ 56 Foreign consonants ................................................................................... 56 Syllables in Indonesian ..................................................................................... 58 Summary ................................................................................................................ 60 3 SOCIO-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND LANGUAGE CONTACT SITUATIONS IN THE INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO............................................ 62 What is Language Contact? .................................................................................... 62 Arrival of Foreigners in the Indonesian Archipelago ............................................... 65 Arab Immigrants and the Introduction of Islam ................................................. 67 Dutch Colony ...................................................................................................