Raymond Taras Raymond Edited by ‘Challenging Multiculturalism is a highly original and timely study of multiculturalism and its opponents in contemporary Europe. Going beyond cliché and common wisdom, by providing empirically solid answers to theoretically informed questions, it provides essential lessons for policy makers, scholars, and students alike.’ Cas Mudde, University of Georgia, author of Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Tackles the challenge of dismantling the multicultural model without destroying diversity in European society Chall In recent years European political leaders from Angela Merkel to David Cameron have discarded the term ‘multiculturalism’ and now express scepticism, criticism and even hostility towards multicultural ways of organising their societies. Yet they are unprepared to reverse the diversity existing in their states. These E contradictory choices have different political consequences in the countries nging Multi examined in this book. Case studies of 11 European countries throw light on the challenges posed by multiculturalism and the extent to which anti-immigration parties appeal to moderate voters by embracing anti-multiculturalism policies. And they show how the future of European liberalism is being played out as multicultural notions of belonging, inclusion, tolerance and the national home are brought into question. Key Features • Looks at how European liberalism is being challenged by opposition to multiculturalism C • Presents a cross-national study of European societies’ efforts to implement ulturalis multiculturalism, how they have stumbled, and what is proposed to replace multiculturalism • Observes the ways in which opposition to multiculturalism has helped galvanise radical right, nationalist and gradually mainstream anti- multiculturalist movements • Includes chapters on Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden and Turkey M ChallEnging Raymond Taras is Professor in Migration Studies at Malmö University and Professor in Political Science at Tulane University. He is author of several books, most recently Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe (Edinburgh University Press, 2012). MultiCulturalisM Jacket images: French youths show off their election cards, ISBN 978-0-7486-6458-0 EuropEan ModEls of 2012 © FRANCOIS GUILLOT/AFP/Getty Images. Jacket design: www.richardbudddesign.co.uk divErsity www.euppublishing.com Edited by Raymond Taras CHALLENGING MULTICULTURALISM EUROPEAN MODELS OF DIVERSITY 2 Edited by Raymond Taras TTARASARAS 99780748664573780748664573 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd i 227/11/20127/11/2012 008:088:08 © in this edition Edinburgh University Press, 2013 © in the individual contributions is retained by the authors Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LF www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11/13 Sabon by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 6457 3 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 6458 0 (paperback) ISBN 978 0 7486 6459 7 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 0 7486 6461 0 (epub) ISBN 978 0 7486 6460 3 (Amazon ebook) The right of the contributors to be identifi ed as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. TTARASARAS 99780748664573780748664573 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iiii 227/11/20127/11/2012 008:088:08 Contents List of Tables and Figures v Notes on the Contributors vii Preface xii Foreword by Björn Fryklund xv PART I Theorizing Multiculturalism 1 The Twilight of Multiculturalism? Findings from across Europe 3 Pieter Bevelander and Raymond Taras 2 Contemporary Citizenship and Diversity in Europe: The Place of Multiculturalism 25 Tariq Modood and Nasar Meer 3 The Challenge of Multiculturalism: Political Philosophy and the Question of Diversity 52 Christian Fernández PART II Multiculturalism’s Pioneers and (Ex-)enthusiasts 4 The ‘Civic Re-balancing’ of British Multiculturalism, and Beyond . 75 Nasar Meer and Tariq Modood 5 The Dutch Multicultural Myth 97 Peter Scholten 6 Immigrant Integration and Multiculturalism in Belgium 120 Marco Martiniello 7 The Political Dynamics of Multiculturalism in Sweden 138 Karin Borevi TTARASARAS 99780748664573780748664573 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iiiiii 227/11/20127/11/2012 008:088:08 challenging multiculturalism PART III Multicultural Societies without Multiculturalism? 8 Public Debates and Public Opinion on Multiculturalism in Germany 163 Martina Wasmer 9 Danish Multiculturalism, Where Art Thou? 190 Nils Holtug 10 Multiculturalism Italian Style: Soft or Weak Recognition? 216 Tiziana Caponio 11 Redefi ning a (Mono)cultural Nation: Political Discourse against Multiculturalism in Contemporary France 236 Florent Villard and Pascal-Yan Sayegh PART IV Multiculturalism’s Future Converts? 12 Poland: Multiculturalism in the Making? 257 Renata Włoch 13 Multinationalism, Mononationalism or Transnationalism in Russia? 279 Sergey Akopov 14 Multiculturalism and Minorities in Turkey 297 Ayhan Kaya PART V Conclusion 15 Multiculturalism: Symptom, Cause or Solution? 319 Ulf Hedetoft Index 334 iv TTARASARAS 99780748664573780748664573 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iivv 227/11/20127/11/2012 008:088:08 Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 The state and citizens’ responses to cultural diversity: fi ve ideal types 34 2.2 Five models of cohesion, equality and difference 37 2.3 Four political responses to diversity 39 2.4 Synthesis of models of state accommodation of ‘difference’ 42 2.5 Contemporary responses to migration-related diversity 43 6.1 Number of work permits issued in the three Belgian regions, 2000–6 123 6.2 Belgian and foreign populations by region, 2008 124 6.3 Number of foreigners acquiring Belgian nationality by country of origin, 1997–2007 134 8.1 German views on cultural diversity in 1996 and 2006 177 8.2 Public support in Germany for multiculturalism: 2006 compared to 1996 179 8.3 Support for multiculturalism in Germany according to voting intentions: 2006 compared to 1996 183 9.1 Multicultural Policy scores for selected countries 195 9.2 Danish attitudes to multiculturalism, 2000–11 203 10.1 Attitudes towards migration in Italy: trends from 1999 to 2007 224 13.1 The largest self-identifi ed ethnic groups in Russia and their language abilities 286 TTARASARAS 99780748664573780748664573 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd v 227/11/20127/11/2012 008:088:08 challenging multiculturalism Figures 2.1 Four conceptions of citizenship 38 5.1 Policy f rames in Dutch immigrant integration policy since the 1970s 107 9.1 Conceptions of community: from thick to thin 201 vi TTARASARAS 99780748664573780748664573 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd vvii 227/11/20127/11/2012 008:088:08 Notes on the Contributors Sergey Akopov is Associate Professor at the St Petersburg branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration as well as Senior Fellow Lecturer at St Petersburg State University. His major fi elds of interest are political philosophy, political anthropology and communication, transnational studies and the political history of Russia. He is the author of over fi fty papers, articles and book chapters published in Russian, English and Spanish, as well as two books: Identichnosti v jepohu global’nyh migracij (‘Identities in the Era of Global Migrations’, co-authored with M.Rozanova, Dean, St Petersburg University Centre of Comparative Philosophy 2010); and Razvitie idej transnacionalizma v rossijskoj politicheskoj fi losofi i XX veka (‘The Development of the Idea of Transnationalism in Russian Political Philosophy in the 20th century’, St Petersburg, RANEPA 2012). Pieter Bevelander is Professor in International Migration and Ethnic Relations (IMER) and Director of the Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare. His recent books include The Economics of Citizenship (Malmö University 2008) and Resettled and Included? The Employment Integration of Resettled Refugees in Sweden (Malmö University 2009). His articles have appeared in leading scholarly journals such as International Migration Review, Journal of International Migration and Integration, Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies and Ethnic and Racial Studies. Karin Borevi is Researcher and Lecturer in the Department of Government at Uppsala University. Her research interests include Scandinavian and European comparative perspectives on integra- tion policy, citizenship policy and refugee settlement policy. She has headed a research project titled ‘From multiculturalism to assimilation? Swedish integration policy in European comparison’. vii TTARASARAS 99780748664573780748664573 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd vviiii 227/11/20127/11/2012 008:088:08 challenging multiculturalism Among her publications is the monograph Välfärdsstaten i det Mångkulturella Samhället (‘The Welfare State in the Multicultural Society’, Uppsala University 2002). Tiziana Caponio is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Turin. Research interests encompass comparative immigration, ethnic minority organizations in Europe, minority political participation and local authorities’ policies on minority inclusion. Her scholarly works have appeared in Rivista italiana di sociologia, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies and International Migration Review. She is also the editor of the book The Local Dimension of Migration Policymaking (Amsterdam University Press 2010). Christian Fernández is Postdoctoral Researcher at the Malmö Institute