AIAA TEAM SPACE TRANSPORTATION DESIGN COMPETITION PROJECT HITCHHIKER PROPOSAL FOR THE DESIGN OF A MARS SAMPLE RETURN SYSTEM Submitted by: Team MARVIN Loren Clark Patrick Clark Anthony Gaudino Dylan Greene Jacob Katuin Diane Kjelby Grant Roth Sean Ryan Faculty Advisor: Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering 215 Randolph Hall 460 Old Turner Street Blacksburg VA, 24060 May 16, 2016 Table of Contents List of Figures iv List of Tables v List of Abbreviations vi List of Symbols vii Preface: Project Management viii Executive Summary x 0.1 Background . .x 0.2 Mission Concepts . .x 0.3 Key Risks and Projected Cost . xi 1 Introduction and Problem Definition 1 1.1 Motivation and Background . .1 1.2 Problem Definition . .2 1.3 Project Scope . .2 1.4 Needs, Alterables and Constraints . .3 2 Value System Design 5 2.1 Design Objectives . .5 2.1.1 Cost . .5 2.1.2 Chance of Mission Failure . .5 2.1.3 Mission Duration . .6 2.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) . .7 2.3 Summary . .7 3 Mission Architecture 8 3.1 Assessment of Three Candidate Architectures . .8 3.2 Selected Mission Architecture . .9 3.2.1 Development Phase . .9 3.2.2 Earth Launch . 10 3.2.3 Earth to Mars Transfer . 10 3.2.4 Mars Approach . 10 3.2.5 Entry, Descent and Landing Phase . 11 3.2.6 Sample Capture Phase . 11 3.2.7 Mars Launch . 13 3.2.8 Orbiting Sample Rendezvous . 13 3.2.9 Mars to Earth Transfer . 13 3.2.10 Direct Earth Entry . 13 3.2.11 Mission Architecture Summary . 14 3.3 Key Trades . 14 3.3.1 Number of Earth Launches . 14 3.3.2 Decision to Perform Mars Orbit Rendezvous . 15 3.3.3 Sample Retrieval Decision . 16 3.3.4 MAV Fuel: ISRU or ISPP vs. Storable . 17 3.3.5 Electric vs. Chemical Propulsion . 17 3.3.6 Key Trades Summary . 18 3.4 Critical Technology Development and Mission Risk . 18 i 4 Trajectories 20 4.1 Elements of Trajectory Design . 20 4.1.1 Software used for Mission Modeling . 20 4.2 Earth Launch . 21 4.2.1 Preliminary Analysis . 21 4.2.2 Launch Vehicle Selection . 22 4.2.3 Launch Vehicle Modeling and Validation . 23 4.3 Outbound Trajectory . 24 4.4 Mars Capture and EDL Vehicle Release . 27 4.5 Maneuver to Parking Orbit . 27 4.6 Orbiting Sample Rendezvous . 29 4.7 Mars Escape . 31 4.8 Earth Return Trajectory . 31 4.9 Summary . 32 5 Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle 34 5.1 Configuration . 34 5.2 Structures . 36 5.3 Propulsion . 38 5.4 Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS) . 40 5.5 Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS) . 42 5.6 Attitude Determination and Control and Guidance, Navigation, and Control Subsystems (AD&CS / GN&CS) 46 5.7 Command and Data Handling Subsystem (C&DHS) . 48 5.8 Telemetry, Tracking and Command Subsystem (TT&CS) . 49 5.9 On-Orbit Sample Capture System . 49 5.10 Earth Entry Vehicle . 51 6 Mars Entry Descent and Landing 52 6.1 Introduction . 52 6.2 Landing Challenges . 52 6.2.1 Landing Altitude . 52 6.2.2 Mars Atmosphere . 53 6.3 EDL Trades . 53 6.3.1 EDL Trades Introduction . 53 6.3.2 Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators . 54 6.3.3 Augmenting Past Landing Architecture . 55 6.3.4 Technology Readiness Level Evaluation . 56 6.4 Entry Descent and Landing Timeline of Events . 57 7 Mars Systems 59 7.1 Martian Ground Systems . 59 7.1.1 Lander Configuration . 59 7.1.2 Mars Ascent Vehicle Tilt / Support System . 63 7.1.3 Sample Capture Mechanisms . 63 7.2 Mars Ascent Vehicle Design (MAV) . 65 7.2.1 MAV Design Parameters . 66 7.2.2 MAV Fuel Selection . ..