A Critical Edition of (a section of) Kit, qb Sharh Musnad Ab! Dqwfld by Al-Imam Badr Al-DIn Al-AynT Al-Ijanafir by Eman Al Abdulghan! Submittedin accordancewith the requirementsfor the Degreeof Doctor of Philosophy University of Leeds Arabic and Middle Eastern Studies October 2002 Volume I The candidateconfirms that the work submittedis her own and that the appropriate credit hasbeen given where referencehas been made to the work of others This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must give special thanks to my supervisor, ProfessorIan Netton, for providing the valuable supervision, advice and guidance that helped to keep this thesis on course. Without his encouragementand scholarly direction, my work would have been impoverished. I am indebted also to Dr Sirriyyeh for his support in relation to my registration proceduresfor the Ph.D. Many thanks are also due to Kathryn Spry for proof-reading and editing successive drafts of my work, and to Janet Gregory for her hard work and patience in typing a difficult script. Last, but by no meansleast, I am extremely grateful to my husbandfor supportingme all the way through my studies,and for all the time he gaveme. i SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION The following transliterationsystem is adoptedin the thesis. Arabic English b t th kh d dh r j z if S I cl C L gli 4-, f ii Arabic English L5 q k --A J cc t The vowels are mitten in flic following way: Long Vowels Short Vowels a Oanima u Kasra iii ABSTRACT The attention of scholars towards the protection of the Sunna, as a second primary sourcein Islamic law, startedfrom the early centuries. Among those scholarswas Abi7 Da7vvad,who was concerned in collecting the ffadffhs that discussedthe Prophet's Sunan,in a book which he namedSynan AT Da7vvi7d.The value of this book among tIadj7h books led scholars such as Al-ý'AynFto write commentaries on it, to create a body of in-depth organiseddiscussions of Fiqh rules. This thesis discusses part of Al-Aynrs Sharp on Sunan Abl" A&W regarding the rules on specific kinds of voluntary prayers, namely, voluntary prayers after obligatory prayer, Dubl§prayer, Tasbi-bprayer, and night prayer. A detailed discussion of the different opinions of the scholars,especially the four main Islamic schools of law, is presented, with each school's evidences, and the scholars' attempts to reconcile conflicting gadj7hs are also considered. Explanatorynotes are given on the scholarsand placesmentioned in the manuscript,as well as difficult vocabulary. A full account is given of the documentationof each gadffh in the manuscript. Al-Aynrs manuscript is set in its historical and cultural context in an introductory sectionon the author's life and the era in which he lives, the MamhlTepoch. Al-'Ayni'lived at the time of the Mamh7kf rule over Egypt, in which scholars were respectedand honoured. The Mamh7kffacilitated scholarshipby offering endowments, and building institutes of learning, so that cultural life flourished. Set against this, iv however, was a political backgroundof widespreadcorruption, in which bribery was commonplace. Al-Aynis life and the effect of the characteristicsof his epoch on his writings are discussed with an analysis of the style he adopted in writing his commentary,and the academicvalue of his manuscript. Devotion to a single school of law was common in the Mamh7klepoch. Al-. 4ynr followed the Hanaj.-t school of law and in his SharA his fanatical adherenceto the opinions of his school are evident. Nevertheless,his thorough, systematicapproach to his commentary,and comprehensivecoverage of historical, biographical,linguistic and juristic matters,make this work an important contribution to the Fiqh literature, which had a profound effect on subsequentscholarship. V TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ OF TRANSLITERATION ii SCHEME ...................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... vi ix INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... AIMS OF THE STUDY 1. .................................................................................................................. x DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT 2. .................................................................................... x RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. ................................................................................................. xii ýCHAPTER ONE : SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEX 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1 .............................................................................................................................. GENERAL POLITICAL SITUATION DURING THE MAMLOKREIGN 5 1.2. .............................. 1.3. THE CALIPHATE 6 .............................................................................................................................. 1.4. KEY EVENTS 9 .................................................................................................................................... 1.5. THE POLITICAL REGIME 13 ........................................................................................................... 1.6. SOCIAL CONDITIONS 18 ............................................................................................................... 1.6.1. TRAITSOF SOCIAI,LIFi ................................................................................................................. 21 1.7. SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL CONDITIONS 22 ................................................................. 1.7.1. IMPORTANTSCIENCES DURING THE MAAILC& ERA 25 ...................................................................... 1.7.2. THE REASONS 28 FORTHF INTELLECTUALBOOM DURING THIS EPOCH .............................................. 1.8. CONCLUSION 30 .............................................................................................................................. ýCHAPTER TWO : THE AUTHOR'S LIFE AND WORIý 2.1. INTRODUCTION 33 ............................................................................................................................ 2.2. THE AUTHOR 33 ................................................................................................................................. 2.2.1. HIS NAME 33 .................................................................................................................................... 2.2.2. HIS FAMILY AND PLACES OF RESIDENCE 34 ...................................................................................... 2.2.3. HIS TRAVELS IN SEARCH OF KNOWLEDGE 35 .................................................................................... 2.2.4. His WRITINGS 36 ............................................................................................................................. 2.2.5. HIS TEACHERS 41 ............................................................................................................................. 2.2.6. HIS DISCIPLES 44 .............................................................................................................................. 2.2.7. His CON FFMPORARIFS 47 ................................................................................................................. 2.3. BIOGRAPHY OF AB13 HANIFA .52 ................................................................................................... 2.3.1. GFNERALBACKGROUND 52 .............................................................................................................. 2.3.2. A130IJANTFA's DiscIPLES 54 ........................................................................................................... 2.3.3. AIM IJANTFA's FIQII SOURCES 56 .................................................................................................... 2.3.4. A13LIHANTFA'S 58 DFATH................................................................................................................. vi 2.4. ABO DAWOD AND THE SUNAN 59 ................................................................................................ 2.4.1. BRIEFBIOGRAPHY 59 ....................................................................................................................... 2.4.2. HIS AND DISCIPLES 61 TEACHERS ..................................................................................................... 2.4.3. HIS 62 WRITINGS .............................................................................................................................. 2.4.4. AN ABO DaWOD'S BOOK AL-SUNAN 63 OVERVIEW OF .................................................................... 2.4.4.1. Abi7D.!! in the Sunan 65 vviJd'smethodology writing ................................................................ OFSUNANABIDAWI-JD 69 2.5. AL-CAYNI'SSHARH ........................................................................ 2.5.1. THE S11ARYGENRE 69 USAGE01: THE ..............................................................................................