A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity Edited by Debra Kelly and Martyn Cornick A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity Edited by Debra Kelly and Martyn Cornick LONDON INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Published by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU First published in print in 2013. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY- NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN 978 1 909646 48 3 (PDF edition) ISBN 978 1 905165 86 5 (hardback edition) Contents List of contributors vii List of figures xv List of tables xxi List of maps xxiii Acknowledgements xxv Introduction The French in London: a study in time and space 1 Martyn Cornick 1. A special case? London’s French Protestants 13 Elizabeth Randall 2. Montagu House, Bloomsbury: a French household in London, 1673–1733 43 Paul Boucher and Tessa Murdoch 3. The novelty of the French émigrés in London in the 1790s 69 Kirsty Carpenter Note on French Catholics in London after 1789 91 4. Courts in exile: Bourbons, Bonapartes and Orléans in London, from George III to Edward VII 99 Philip Mansel 5. The French in London during the 1830s: multidimensional occupancy 129 Máire Cross 6. Introductory exposition: French republicans and communists in exile to 1848 155 Fabrice Bensimon 7. The French left in exile: Quarante-huitards and Communards in London, 1848–80. 165 Thomas C. Jones and Robert Tombs v A history of the French in London 8. ‘Almost the only free city in the world’: mapping out the French anarchist presence in London, late 1870s–1914 193 Constance Bantman 9. Experiencing French cookery in nineteenth-century London 217 Valerie Mars 10. The London French from the Belle Epoque to the end of the inter-war period (1880–1939) 241 Michel Rapoport 11. French cultural diplomacy in early twentieth-century London 281 Charlotte Faucher and Philippe Lane 12. Mapping Free French London: places, spaces, traces 303 Debra Kelly 13. ‘The first bastion of the Resistance’: the beginnings of the Free French in London, 1940–1 343 Martyn Cornick 14. Raymond Aron and La France Libre (June 1940– September 1944) 373 David Drake 15. From the 16ème to South Ken? A study of the contemporary French population in London 391 Saskia Huc-Hepher and Helen Drake Conclusion: a temporal and spatial mapping of the French in London 431 Debra Kelly Index 449 vi List of contributors Constance Bantman is a lecturer in French at the University of Surrey. Her research focuses on Anglo-French cultural and political exchanges in the long nineteenth century as well as the methodology of transnational history. She is the author of The French Anarchists in London, 1880-1914: Exile and Transnationalism in the First Globalisation (Liverpool, 2013). Fabrice Bensimon is professor of British civilization at the Université Paris-Sorbonne. His research focuses on the history of Victorian Britain and in particular on Franco-British exchanges in the mid nineteenth century. He is the author of Les Britanniques face à la révolution française de 1848 (Paris, 2000) and, more recently, ‘British workers in France, 1815–48’ (Past & Present, ccxiii (2011), 147–89). Paul Boucher has been a performing musician since spending 1967 singing with Benjamin Britten and the English Opera Group. He studied violin in London and Moscow and was active internationally as a chamber musician, ran a music festival in France and a music charity for state primary schoolchildren in London before becoming research and artistic director of the Montagu music collection at Boughton House. Kirsty Carpenter is senior lecturer in history, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. She has worked on the French Revolution since she completed her doctorate on the French émigrés at the Institut d’Histoire de la Révolution Française at the Sorbonne in 1993. Her research focuses on émigrés and their connections to French and European politics and literature. She has written Refugees of the French Revolution: Emigrés in London 1789–1802 (Basingstoke, 1999), and edited The French Emigrés in Europe and the Struggle against Revolution 1789–1814 (Basingstoke, 1999). Her most recent book, The Novels of Madame de Souza in Social and Political Perspective (Oxford and New York, 2007), looks at one émigré woman’s fiction and the influence that the revolutionary wars had upon her work. Martyn Cornick is professor of French cultural history at the University of Birmingham. His principal research areas are twentieth-century cultural history (Jean Paulhan and the Nouvelle Revue Française), the life and intellectual biography of Armand Petitjean, and Franco-British inter- vii A history of the French in London cultural studies, with a particular focus on the French presence in London during the Second World War. He has published widely in both these fields, most recently the edition of the correspondence between Paulhan and Petitjean with the Gallimard publishing house. Máire Cross is head of French at Newcastle University and an international scholar and leading authority on Flora Tristan. Her publications include: The Letter in Flora Tristan’s Politics (Basingstoke, 2004), and an edited book entitled Gender and Fraternal Orders (Basingstoke, 2010). She is currently president of the Association for the Study of Modern and Contemporary France and a member of the Franco-British Council. David Drake is an independent scholar who formerly taught at Middlesex University and in the Institut d’Etudes Européennes at Université Paris VIII. He has lectured and written widely on French intellectuals and politics, notably producing two monographs, both published by Palgrave. He is a former president of the UK Society for Sartre Studies and his biography of Sartre was published by Haus in 2005. He is a regular contributor to the Times Educational Supplement and is currently writing an account of life in Paris 1939–44, to be published by Harvard University Press. Helen Drake is professor of French and European studies at Loughborough University, and has been chair of UACES (University Association of Contemporary European Studies) since September 2012. Her research centres on contemporary French politics and on France’s relationship with the European Union. Her most recent book, Contemporary France (Basingstoke, 2011), is the culmination of many years spent teaching British students about France; and her 2000 volume published by Routledge, Jacques Delors: Perspectives on a European Leader, is a study of contemporary political leadership. Charlotte Faucher is a PhD student at Queen Mary, University of London. She has been awarded a Collaborative Doctoral Award by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and her work focuses on the history of the Institut Français du Royaume-Uni. Saskia Huc-Hepher is a lecturer in French at the University of Westminster, where she specializes in applied language transfer skills. Recently, she has worked as researcher and co-author on several major projects, including a HEFCE-funded qualitative investigation into language policy at major events such as the Olympic Games, which culminated in a publication viii List of contributors entitled Languages and International Events: Are We Ready to Talk to the World in 2012? Huc-Hepher is currently conducting doctoral research on the digital presence of London’s French diaspora, as represented in a special collection she is curating for the UK Web Archive. Her particular research interests include community and identity, multimodal ethnography or ‘ethnosemiotics’, cultural dynamics and display, linguistic accessibility and translation theory. Thomas Jones completed his PhD on French republican exiles in Britain at the University of Cambridge in 2010. He is a lecturer in history at the University of Buckingham, holds a visiting lecturer post at Queen Mary, University of London, and has taught at Roehampton University. He is interested in British and French political and intellectual history, and his publications include ‘The memory of the First Republic in Ledru-Rollin’s political thought’, in Historicising the French Revolution, ed. C. Armenteros and others (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2008), pp. 124–45; and ‘Louis Blanc’s Historical Revelations and the memory of 1848 in France and Britain’ (forthcoming). Debra Kelly is professor of French and Francophone literary and cultural studies, University of Westminster, London. Her main research interests are in war and culture studies, the relationship between literature and cultural memory, text and image studies (with a focus on the twentieth-century avant-garde), and Franco-British cultural relations. Her major publications are Pierre Albert-Birot: a Poetics in Movement, Poetics of Movement (Madison, NJ, 1997) and Autobiography and Independence: Selfhood and Creativity in North African Postcolonial Writing in French (Liverpool, 2005). She is director of the Group for War and Culture Studies, an international network of researchers established in 1995, and has edited and co-edited volumes of essays in this field, and is the founding editor of the Journal of War and Culture Studies (Maney). Philippe Lane has been professor of French linguistics at the Université de Rouen, and