Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19259-0 - The Universe: An Inquiry Approach to Astronomy and the Nature of Scientific Research George Greenstein Index More information INDEX Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables. Letters A and B indicate references to appendices and textboxes, respectively. absorption lines 105 111, 111–112 Apollo Missions to the Moon 144–145, 145 size 168 acceleration Apollo 11 144–145 distribution 258, 258–259, 259 centripetal 72 far side images 174, 175 astrology 33 Newton’s second law of motion 69–70 archaeoastronomy 39–40 testing the theory 35–36 orbits 72–73, 73 Arecibo radio telescope 134 data 37, 37–39, 38, 481 accretion disks 520, 520–525, 521 resolving power 134 unconscious bias 36–37 accuracy, importance of 274, 306 rotation of Mercury 184 Astronomical Unit 6.6, 54B, 318 active optics 129–130 Ariel 239, 240 astronomy 1–3 Adams, John Couch (1819–1892) 234 Aristarcus of Samos (c.310–230BC) 40–43 ancient 33–34, 40–47 Neptune 233 disregard for data 57 disregard for data 57–59 adaptive optics 130 distances of Sun and Moon 41–43, 42 from space 137–149 Albireo, visual binary star 349 phases of the moon 40–41, 41 comparison with ground-based Alcor, visual binary star 348 arithmetic, exponential astronomy 148–149 Aldrin, Edward, Apollo 11 Mission 144–145 division 564A gamma-ray 143–144 Alfve´n, Hannes (1905–1995), temperature multiplication 600–601 ground-based, comparison with of corona 339, 340 Armstrong, Neil, Apollo 11 Mission 144–145 space-based astronomy ALH 84001 Martian meteorite 572–573, 573 asteroid belt 170, 257 148–149 Allen Hills meteorite 572–573, 573 asteroids 170, 257, 257–274 infrared 139–141 Allen Telescope Array, SETI 585 axis of rotation 23 origins 33 Almagest, Ptolemy 44 brightness 259–260, 260 radar Alpha Centauri 356 Ceres 257 Doppler effect 98–99 center of mass 300B, 301B relative size 168, 169, 170 rotation of Mercury 184 detection of planets 297B, 297–298 danger of collision 256, 264–274 radio 132–136 hypothetical visit by Cassini Mission bull’s eye analogy 264, 264–265, 265B, X-ray 141–143 577B, 576–577 certainty and uncertainty 271–273 see also archaeoastronomy altitude-azimuth mount 123 chances of impact 267–269 Atacama Large Millimeter Array amino acids, Miller–Urey experiment 567, congressional hearings 269–270 (ALMA) 135, 135 567–568 deflection dilemma 270 atmosphere ammonia impact rate 268 absence of liquid 570 importance of accuracy 274 Mercury 186–187 outer solar system 388 mass extinction 266 Moon 176, 177, 186 amplitude 93–94 public policy 270–271 Earth, pressure and temperature 193 Andromeda Galaxy 116, 117, 489–495 relative velocity 265–266, 266 193–194 nova explosions 489–491, 494 difference from comets 289 escape of 186–187 stars 490, 494 fragmentation 258, 258–259, 259 Mars 205–207 work of Hubble 493 icy 289 and past climate change 209–210 Angstrom 98 Ida 257 Titan 232–233 Antarctica Kirkwood Gaps 260–262, 261 Uranus 238 analogy with Mars environment 570 number of 259 Venus 188 ozone depletion 195–196, 196 orbit 257, 289 greenhouse effect 188–189, 189 Antennae Galaxy 502, 505 period, Kirkwood Gaps 260–262 atmospheric turbulence 126–127, 127 Hubble Space Telescope 507 rotation 259–260 effect on Mars 204 Aorounga Crater 251 spin axes 260 and site selection 130–131 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19259-0 - The Universe: An Inquiry Approach to Astronomy and the Nature of Scientific Research George Greenstein Index More information 638 Index atoms 107–109 Milky Way Galaxy 524 gravity-assist orbit 81–82, 82 black holes 435–436 quarks 436 hypothetical visit to Alpha Centauri charge 108 Schwarzschild radius 433, 434 576–577 emission and absorption of light 108–109 and Type II supernovae 442, plutonium, uncertainty 85 mass 108 442–443, 443 Cassiopeia, Cas A radio source 509–510 neutron stars 427–428 blackbody radiation 99–102 Catholic Church, persecution of Galileo nuclear structure 399–400 Cosmic Background Radiation 56–57 quantum mechanics 109–110 551–553, 552 CCD see Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) size 107 early universe 548 celestial equator 18–19 structure 107, 107–108, 108 Jupiter 218–219, 219B celestial globe 18, 18–19 auroras, and solar flares 337 solar flares 336–337 celestial pole 7, 18 spectrum 103–105, 105 celestial sphere 18 Babylon, ancient astronomy 34 Stefan–Boltzmann law 100–102, 101B, cells, fossil 566, 568 bacteria 102B center of mass motion fossilized 566 Jupiter 218–219 binary stars 348–349, 349 stromatolites 566 Wien law 102, 140 Sirius A and B 424–425, 425 Baily’s beads 25 X-ray astronomy 143 directly searching 301 Barnard’s Galaxy 497 blue shift 95 HD 209458 star 304 Barnard’s Star 356 blurring indirectly searching 298, 298–300, Barringer Crater 251 atmospheric turbulence 126–127, 299, 300 Bell, Jocelyn, pulsars 429 127 Doppler effect 302–303, 302B, 303B bias, unconscious 36–37 and site selection 130–131 Cepheid variable stars 418–419 Big Bang 451, 550 diffraction 126–127, 127, 127–128 gas pressure 418–419 and creation of universe 550–551, 551 focal length 126, 126–127, 127 luminosity 458–461, 459 expansion of Universe, formation of Bok globules 377 and globular clusters 458–461 galaxies 500, 500–509 bolometer 140 luminosity and distance 539–540, 540B and quantum mechanics 550 Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601) 51, 51–52 luminosity and globular clusters, errors “big science” 150–153 comets 276 491–492 funding 151–153 supernova 437, 439 velocity-distance relation, work of binary stars 347–349, 349 Uraniborg observatory 51–52, 52 Hubble 534–535, 535B, 536 astrometric 348 brightness 89–90 vibration 307 center of mass 348–349, 349 absolute 89–90, 91 Ceres 257 eclipsing 348 apparent 89, 90, 91 relative size 168, 169, 170 planets, possibility of life 575–576, 576 inverse square law 90–92, 91 certainty, and uncertainty 82–85, 271 Sirius A and B 424–425, 425 brown dwarfs 410–411 asteroid impact 268, 271–273, 272, 273 spectroscopic 348 butterfly diagram 330, 331 CETI (Communicating with Extra spectrum 348 Terrestrial Intelligence) 577–579 visual 348, 349 Callisto, craters 225–226, 226 messages 586–590 bipolar jets 377–378, 378B, 378, 379 Caloris impact basin, Mercury 185–186 globular cluster M13, 589, 589–590 black holes 433–437 cannibalism, galactic 505–506 Pioneer Interstellar Plaques 587–588, accretion disks 520–525 canyons, Mars 207 588 dark matter hypothesis 477–478, Capricornus, visibility 16 Chandra X-ray Observatory 143 478B, 479 carbon Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan in galaxies 522–524 burning 417–418 (1910–1995) 143 Galaxy M87 523, 523–524 formation, in red giants 416, 442 Chandrasekhar limit 427 general relativity 434–437 isotopes 566–567, 568 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) images singularity 435, 436 carbon dioxide 131–132 time slows down 436, 436–437 Earth’s atmosphere 196–197, 197 limit to enlargement 125–126, 126 trapping of light 434–435, 435 greenhouse effect, Venus 189 telescopes 125 trapping of matter 435 Mars 205–207 Charon 243, 244 ultimate nature of matter Cartwheel Galaxy 502, 507 synchronous rotation 182, 243 435–436 Cassegrain reflecting telescope 121, 121 Chicago gravitation 433, 435, 436 Cassini division, Rings of Saturn 228 day length, and rotational axis 21, 22, 23 gravitational potential energy, quasar Cassini Mission 146, 146–147 day length and angle of Sun’s rays energy source 518–521 Enceladus 231–232 22–23, 23, 24 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19259-0 - The Universe: An Inquiry Approach to Astronomy and the Nature of Scientific Research George Greenstein Index More information Index 639 Chicxulub impact crater 266, 267 maps 17, 17, 611A MACHOs 479–482, 480 Chiron 289 visibility 14–16, 15, 611A mass 475–476 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and ozone 195 continental drift 197–198, 199 WIMPs 483 chromatic aberration 122, 122 convection, in stars 407, 410 data chromosphere 335 Copernican Principle 420 importance of 57–58 temperature 338 Copernicus, Nicholas (1473–1543) 47, MACHOs 481–483 circles 52, 53, 54 47–51 testing the theory, astrology 37, 37–39, 38 Circular Orbit Formula 73–74, 74B, 78, criticism of Ptolemy 48 day length, seasonal variation 21–22, 22 79–80 motion of Earth 47–48, 50 rotation axis 21–22 Rings of Saturn 229B work of Galileo 56–57 daylight savings time 28 climate change, Mars 209–210 planetary motion, hypothesis testing decoupling, epoch of 548, 552, 552, 553 clock drive see sidereal drive 49–50 Deep Impact mission, Tempel-1 comet 281 clouds, Venus 188 retrograde motion 48 Deferent collimator 142, 143 corona, solar 338 Copernicus 48 coma, comets 280 at solar eclipse 25 Ptolemy 45, 45–47 comets 171, 274–289, 275 holes, and solar wind 341 degeneracy pressure 427 anatomy 280 temperature 338, 338–340 Deimos 165 Chiron 289 Cosmic Geometry Explorer 543–544 Deneb 316, 356 coma 280 cosmic inflation 549, 553 distance 360 difference from asteroids 289 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation density Hale-Bopp 274 100, 551–553, 552 and expansion of the universe 538 Halley’s 275 cosmic ray exposure ages, meteorites 255, critical density 538, 538 meteor showers 250 255–256 measurement 539–541 nucleus, spacecraft observation cosmic web 556 density waves, spiral arms 466, 467 280–281, 281 origin 556–557 deuteron 404, 405 as harbingers of ill fortune 276–295 Cosmological Constant 537, 544 diffraction, blurring 126–128, 127 long-period and short-period 288–289 cosmology 529–557 diffraction gratings 132 main-belt 289 cosmos see universe dinosaurs, mass extinction 266