Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42828-6 — Making Peace, Making Riots Anwesha Roy Index More Information Index 271 Index Abhay Ashram of Comilla, 88 anti-communal resistance, 22, 171–175 abwabs, 118 Arya Samaj Relief Society, 80 Adim Ripu, 168 Azad, Maulana, 129 agrarian society in East Bengal, 118 Aziz, Mr, 44 Agunpakhi (Hasan Azizul Huq), 76 Babri Masjid/Ram Janmabhoomi issue, Ahmad, Khan Bahadur Sharifuddin, 41 248–249 Ahmed, Abul Mansur, 122, 132, 134, 151, Badrudduja, Syed, 35 160 Badurbagan Sporting Club, 161 Ahmed, Giyasuddin, 136 Bagchi, Jasodhara, 16 Ahmed, M. U., 75 Bahadur, Maharaja Manikya, 57 Ahmed, Muzaffar, 204 Bahuguna, Sunderlal, 240 Ahmed, Rashid, 119 Bandyopadhyay, Manik, 85 Ahmed, Shamsuddin, 136, 165 Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar, 92 Ahmed, Syed, 121 Bandyopadhyay, Tarashankar, 85 Aj Kal Porshur Golpo (Manik Banerjee, Sanat Kumar, 198 Bandyopadhyay), 86 Bannerjee, Ashalata, 82 Akali Dal, 129–130 Barman, Upendra Nath, 36 ‘Akhand Hindustan,’ idea of, 130 Basu, Jyoti, 166 Ali, Asaf, 129 Batabyal, Rakesh, 14, 19 Ali, Captain Yusuf, 191 Bayly, C. A., 13 Ali, Tafazzal, 165 on pre-history of communalism, 2–3 All Bengal Muslim Students League, 55 Bell, F. O., 76 All Bengal Secondary Education Bill Bengal Protest Day, 109 cost of living in, 31 All India Muslim League, 123 political scenario of, 30–31 All India Spinner’s Association, 88 short-term changes in population and All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), prices, 31 202–203, 205, 218 Bengal famine. see famine of 1943-44 in Amrita Bazar Patrika, 32, 38, 41, 45, 72, Bengal 88, 110, 115 Bengali Hindu identity, 1 Amte, Baba, 240 Bengali Hindus, 32, 72 Anjuman Mofidul Islam, 73 Bengali language, 135 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42828-6 — Making Peace, Making Riots Anwesha Roy Index More Information 272 Index The Bengali Merchants Association, 56 C. R. Das’ Hindu-Muslim Pact, 1923, 12 Bengal Money-lenders Act of 1940, 31, Calcutta Emergency Relief Organization, 122 174 Bengal Provincial Congress Committee Calcutta Relief Committee, 80 (BPCC), 15, 172, 188, 201 census operations of 1941-42, communal Bengal Provincial Hindu Mahasabha, 86, animosities, 39–41, 43 89, 95, 102n137, 151 Chakravartty, Gargi, 17 Bengal Provincial Hindu Mahasabha Chakravartty, Renu, 82, 205–206, 219 Relief Committee, 80 Chakravarty, Ambika, 205 Bengal Provincial Muslim League, 46, 93, Chakravarty, Nikhil, 160 121–122, 128, 130–131, 136, 190 Chandra, Bipin, 4 Bengal Provincial Students Federation masses, attraction to communalism, 4 (BPSF), 55 on nationalism, 5 Bengal Relief Committee, 80 participants in and victims of a Bengal Scheduled Caste Party, 61n70 communal riot, 5 Bengal society, 15 view of communalism, 4–5 Chatterjee, Kamala, 205, 219 Bengal Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1938, Chatterjee, N. C., 39, 109, 113 31, 122 Chatterjee, Partha, 118, 207 Bengal Women’s Food Committee, 80 Chatterjee, Ram, 169 Bhadralok Hindus, 15 Chatterji, Joy, 14 Bharat Sevashram Sangha (BSS), 19, 33, Chatterji, Joya, 167 38, 56, 90–91, 112, 174, 200–201, Chatterji, Nirmal, 219 248–249 Chatterji, Phanindra, 155 protest against Civil Supplies Chatterji, P.K., 162–163 Department, 91 Chattopadhyay, Sarat Chandra, 1 unification and militarization of Chaudhuri, Manoranjan, 113, 219 Hindus, role in, 91 Chaudhury, Hamidul Huq, 93 Bhattacharya, Annada Shankar, 171 Chintamani (Manik Bandyopadhyay), 86 Bhattacharya, Ardhendu, 188 Chipko Movement, 240 Bhave, Vinoba, 241 Choudhury, Ray, 75 Bihar riots, 216 Choudhury, Tapan Ray, 74 Biswas, Makhan Lal, 201 Chowdhary, Nurul Islam, 136 Biswas, Rasik Lal, 35 Chowdhury, Leela, 82 Biswas, Rasiklal, 61n70 collective violence, 175 Bose, K.C., 155 communal animosities, 13 Bose, M. K., 173 Hinduization of caste politics during Bose, Nirmal Kumar, 215, 217, 219 relief work, 91–93 Bose, Sarat Chandra, 153 communal antagonism, waves of Bose, Sugata, 28, 122, 139 census operations of 1941-42, 39–41, British Cabinet Mission, 137–139, 149 43 Burman, Shyama Prasad, 112 educational reconstruction, 35–37 Butalia, Urvashi, 15–16 Hindu Mahasabha activities, 37–38 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42828-6 — Making Peace, Making Riots Anwesha Roy Index More Information Index 273 on Holi celebrations, 43 Dacca riot of 1941, 18, 22, 26, 33–34, 123 pro-Hindu and pro-League attacks on Hindus, 47 newspapers, 41–42 attacks on mosques and temples, 45 Communal Award of 1932, 15 attacks on police and armed forces, 52 communal collective identities, 116 attacks on women, 29 communal identities, 13 background, 26 communalism, debates around, 2–7 cases of conversions, 51–52 in Bengal, 10–15 cases of stabbing, looting and arson, 27, communalism, transformation of 44–45, 47, 50–51 and Bengali Hindu Bhadralok, 15 casualties, 48–49 forms and phases, 14 characteristics, 50–55 through riots and collective violence, 14 disturbances, 43–49 Communist Party of India (CPI), 74, 95– Enquiry Committee on, 53–55 96, 125–126, 166, 173, 204–205 impact of, 49 composite nationalism, theory of, 11 looting of hats or bazaars, 29 Congress, 30–31 pattern of violence, 29, 31–32 Congress Constructive Workers relief and rehabilitation, inter- Association, 56 community solidarity and Congress Socialist Party, 125 goodwill, 55–58 Congress Working Committee, 127 rumours, role in spreading attacks and ‘contradictory common-sense’ of counter attacks, 44–45, 49, 56 subalterns, 247 in rural areas, 46 conversions, during riot, 51–52 scale of violence and level of organization, 54 C R Formula, 113 signs of escalation of conflict, 34 Dacca slogans during, 44, 47, 51–52 communal disturbances of 1926 and Das, Monmohan, 61n70, 111–112 1930 and related violence, 27–28 Das, Noni Gopal, 48 Debt Settlement Boards, 30 Das, Suranjan, 13, 18, 153, 162, 166–167 factors contributing to violence in, communal animosities, 13 26–29 communal identities, 13 jute industry, 28 difference between riots of 1940s and Krishak Samiti Activities, 29–30 ones that preceded them, 13 Muslim and Hindu population of, 26 religious identity, 13 pattern of violence in, 28–29 short-term changes in population and political scenario, 30–31 prices, 31 rate of transfers of raiyati holdings, 28 study of riots in Bengal from 1905 to rural credit system, 28 1947, 13 socio-economic statuses of Hindus and Dasgupta, Subhoranjan, 16 Muslims, 26–27 Datta, Dhirendra Nath, 165, 191 Wahabi and Faraizi movements, Datta, Pradip Kumar, 7, 248 influence of, 26 communal collective identities, 7 Dacca Anushilan Party, 48 identity formation, 7 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42828-6 — Making Peace, Making Riots Anwesha Roy Index More Information 274 Index study of riots, 10 looting, cases of, 73 understanding of communalism, 7 middle-class families, effect on, 77 Dawn, 190 plight of women, 78–79 Denial Policy, 69–70 politics of relief and rehabilitation, Depressed Classes of Bengal, 20, 59n50 80–97 ‘Hindu unity’ amongst, 19 relief organizations, 73 Sangathan activities, 18 rising price of rice, 73, 75, 77, 125, 184 Dewal, 75 rural education, impact on, 78 Dhaka riot of 1941, 13 signs of starvation, 77 Direct Action Day program, 10, 148–153, trafficking in women, 79–80 166, 168 withdrawal of boats and its impact, 69 Dixit, Prabha fasting, analysis of, 236–241 development of communal Food Drive, 125 organizations, 5–6 Freitag, Sandria B., 8 Muslim communalism, 6 analysis of riots, 8 understanding of communalism, 5–6 collective action, 8 Dutta, Dhirendra Nath, 188 Gandhi, 127, 200–201 Dutta, Kamini Kumar, 51, 53, 57, 188 attitude towards violence against East Bengal, 122–123, 126, 131 women, 224–225 East Pakistan, 133, 135, 140 on Bihar situation, 216–217 Edbar, Upendranath, 92, 115 Calcutta fast, 1947, 232–241 elections of 1937, 119–120 comparison of Draupadi and Sita, 224 elections of 1946, 136–137 fast in Delhi in 1948, 239 impact on Muslims, 226–230 Famine Enquiry Commission, 70 issue of conversions, 224–225 Famine Enquiry Commission Report, message of dying with self-respect, 223 75–76 message to the people, 215–216 famine of 1943-44 in Bengal, 19, 68, 126 mild attack on, 215 affected people, 77 peace strategy, 217–225 attacks on villagers and assaults on personal life and his peace mission at women, 70 Noakhali, 230–232 begging, cases of, 74 philosophy of nonviolent resistance, cases of prostitution, 79–80 239–240 causes of, 70 visit to riot affected areas, 214–215 cyclone, effect of, 71 Gandhi, study of, 22–23 death rates, 75–77 Gandhian nonviolence, 22 destitutes, cases of, 75, 78–79 ‘Ghar Wapasi’ (homecoming), 2 diseases, incidence of, 76 Ghar Wapsi (homecoming), 249 economic crisis, 73, 75, 77, 125, 184 Ghose, Surendra Mohan, 151, 172 famine corpses, 73 Ghosh, Ganesh, 205 famine relief system, 253–258 Gill, Sardar Niranjan Singh, 218 food crisis and epidemics, 76 ‘given-ness’ of communalism, 7 impact on fishing, 69–70 go-korbani (cow-slaughter), 10 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42828-6 — Making Peace, Making Riots Anwesha Roy Index More Information Index 275 Gopalachari, Raja, 235 Gupta, H. K., 77 Gossman, Patricia, 170 Gupta, Kamala Das, 223, 225 pirs and religious leaders, role in Gurner, Walter, 191 communalism, 8–9 Habu, Sheikh, 168 rise of communalism amongst Muslims Haldar, Gopal, 204 in East Bengal, 8 Hande, Subedar Narayan, 193 violence, role in political mobilization, 9 Hardiman, David, 238 Goswami,