CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Domain Archaea Prokaryotes, unicellular, absorptive nutrition, found in unusual habitats, high salt, excessive heat, for example; differ biochemically from the Bacteria Domain Bacteria Prokaryotes, unicellular or in filaments, autotrophs and heterotrophs, sometimes called "true bacteria", diverse habitats Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes, unicellular & multicellular, four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia KINGDOM PROTISTA - eukaryotes (have true nuclei and membrane-bounded organelles), cell walls present in some; majority are motile; most unicellular, but some colonial & multicellular forms present; heterotrophs & autotrophs; sexual and asexual reproduction; majority are aquatic or in very moist terrestrial habitats. Heterotrophic Protists Phylum Myxomycota - plasmodial slime molds; multinucleate plasmodium and uninucleate sporangium; nutrition by ingestion, terrestrial. Phylum Dictyosteliomycota - cellular slime molds; have two forms - one motile (amoeboid) and other non-motile (fruiting body); nutrition by ingestion, terrestrial. Phylum Oomycota - water molds; aquatic or terrestrial; motile. Autotrophic Protists ; Phylum Chrysophyta - chiysophytes or golden brown algae, unicellular or colonial, lack cell walls or have mineral walls or silica scales Phylum Bacillariophyta - diatoms, unicellular or colonial, silica cell walls, basis for aquatic food chains Phylum Euglenophyta - euglenoids; primarily freshwater organisms; no cell walls Phylum Dinophyta - dinoflagellates; also at base of food chains in aquatic ecosystems; red tide organisms. Phylum Rhodophyta - red algae; mostly marine; complex life cycles. Phylum Phaeophyta - brown algae; largest algae some with tissue specialization; exclusively marine. Phylum Chlorophyta - green algae; probable ancestors of land plants; few marine, but most primarily found in freshwater. KINGDOM FUNGI - eukaryotes, most multicellular though few unicellular, majority are filamentous (mycelia); cell walls present; mostly non-motile; heterotrophs; no tissues or organs; sexual and asexual reproduction. Phylum Chytridiomycota - chytrids, aquatic with motile cells at some stage in life cycle Phylum Zygomycota - bread molds; dung fungi; Phylum Ascomycota - sac fungi; yeasts, cup fungi, morels; Phylum Basidiomycota - club fungi; mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts & smuts; KINGDOM PLANTAE - eukaryotes; multicellular photosynthetic organisms with rigid cell walls; only male gametes of some forms motile; tissues and organs present; autotrophs; sexual and asexual reproduction; vast majority are terrestrial. Non-Vascular Plants with Dominant Gametophvte. Reproduce by Spores Phylum Hepatophyta - liverworts; multicellular gametangia, lack conducting tissues & stomata, simplest of land plants; have connection to algae at genetic level Phylum Anthocerophyta - hornworts, sporophyte with basal meristem, stomata, no conducting tissue Phylum Bryophvta - mosses; specialized conducting tissue in gametophyte and sporophyte, stomata present. Vascular Plants with Dominant Sporophyte, Reproduce fry Spores Phylum Psilotophyta - whisk ferns; no true leaves or roots; long evolutionary history. Phylum Lvcophyta - club mosses; true leaves and roots; Phylum Sphenophyta - horsetails and scouring rushes; whorled arrangement of roots, stems & leaves. Phylum Pterophyta - ferns; multiveined leaves with clustered sporangia (sori) on undersurface. Vascular Plants with Dominant Sporophyte, Reproduce by Seeds Phylum Coniferophyta - conifers (cone-bearing); needlelike or scalelike leaves; exposed seeds; non-motile sperm. Phylum Cycadophyta - cycads; palmlike or femlike leaves; exposed seeds; motile sperm; formerly much more abundant. Phylum Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba only remaining species; fan-shaped leaves;exposed seeds; motile sperm;"living fossils". Phylum Gnetophyta - gnetophytes; 3 very diverse genera; exposed seeds; non-motile sperm; some flowering plant properties. Phylum Anthophyta - flowering plants; seeds enclosed in a fruit; non-motile sperm; most diverse, widespread and successful of plant groups; have co-evolved with animals. Class Monocotyledones - monocots, one cotyledon in seed, flower parts in threes, leaf veins parallel, true secondary growth absent, vascular bundles in stem scattered. Class Eudicotyledones - dicots, two cotyledons in seed, flower parts in fours and fives, leaf veins netted, secondary growth present, vascular bundles in stem in ring. HEPATOPHYTA ANTHOCEROPHYTA BRYOPHYTA (liverworts) (hornworts) (mosses) GAMETOPHYTE - thailloid or leafy GAMETOPHYTE - thailloid GAMETOPHYTE - leafy Rhizoids - non-septate (no cross walls) Rhizoids - non-septate Rhizoids septate (cross walls) No leaves - dorsi-ventral flattened thallus Leaves - flattened when present, often bilobed in 2 or Leaves flattened; not bilobed, in spiral 3 rows without distinct raid vein arrangement with midvein Sex organs free, emergent Sex organs sunken in thallus Sex organs free Protonema rudimentary or none Protonema absent Protonema present SPOROPHYTE SPOROPHYTE SPOROPHYTE Seta clear or transparent No seta present Seta not clear, is opaque Capsule dehiscent by a lid or Capsule - not dehiscent or dehiscent by 4 valves; Capsule dehiscent by 2 valves longitudinal slits Columella absent Columella present Columella present in most No peristome teeth No peristome teeth Usually with peristome teeth Elaters present Elaters present No elaters Stomata absent Stomata present Stomata present Foot present Foot present Foot present Overall differentiation; no meristem Meristematic cells at apices Intercalary meristem between capsule and foot ANGIOSPERMS: TERMINOLOGY Flowers Parts of the Flower Carpel: A leaflike structure that encloses one or more ovules; collectively, the gynoecium. The carpel is the basic unit of the pistil; a simple pistil consists of a single carpel, and a compound pistil consists of two or more united carpels. Commonly differentiated into stigma, style, and ovary. Locule: A cavity within a sporangium or a cavity of the ovary in which ovules occur. Ovary: Swollen basal portion of the carpel or pistil containing ovule(s). Pedicel: The stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence. Peduncle: The stalk of a solitary flower or of an inflorescence. Perianth: The sepals and petals together. Petal: The part of the flower that is usually conspicuously colored; collectively, the corolla. Receptacle: The enlarged end of the flower stalk to which the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels are attached. Sepal: The outermost part of a flower; collectively, the calyx, which usually encloses the other parts. Stamen: The part of the flower that produces the pollen; usually composed of anther and filament; collectively, the androecium. Stigma: Upper, pollen-receptive portion of style. Style: Slender, stalklike portion of a carpel, or pistil; arises from the top of the ovary. Complete flower: A flower in which all four floral parts—sepal, petal, stamen, and carpel—are present. Incomplete flower: A flower in which one or more of the four floral parts is lacking. -merous: An ending that, together with a number, indicates the number of each of the floral parts. For example, 3-merous would mean having three parts of each kind. a-: A prefix used to indicate absence of a floral part (“apetalous” means that petals are lacking). Distribution of Sexes Perfect flower: A single flower that has both stamens and pistils; bisexual, or hermaphroditic. Imperfect flower: A flower in which either stamens or pistils are lacking; unisexual. A unisexual flower possessing only an androecium is referred to as a staminate flower; a flower possessing only a gynoecium is referred to as a pistillate, or carpellate, flower. Monoecious: Having both carpellate and staminate flowers on the same plant. Dioecious: Having carpellate flowers on one plant, and staminate flowers on another of the same species. Arrangement of Floral Parts Spiral arrangement: Floral parts are arranged in a spiral on the floral axis, or receptacle. Whorled arrangement: Having the floral parts arranged in circles, or in whorls (in the same plane), on the floral axis, or receptacle. SYMMETRY OF FLOWERS Regular: Corolla made up of similarly shaped petals that radiate from the center of the flower and that are equidistant from one another; actinomorphic, or radially symmetrical, flower. Irregular: Having one or more parts in at least one whorl of different form from other parts of the same whorl; a flower that is bilaterally symmetrical, or zygomorphic. MONOECIOUS VS DIOECIOUS INSERTION OF FLORAL PARTS Insertion of Floral Parts Hypogyny: Floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary, which is superior (that is, free from the calyx). Perigyny: Floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the margin of a cup-shaped extension of the receptacle (the hypanthium). The ovary is free of surrounding parts and is superior. Epigyny: Floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens apparently grow' from the top of the ovary, which is inferior (that is, completely or partially attached to the calyx). Note: both hypogynous and perigynous flowers have superior (S) ovaries; only epigynous flowers have inferior (I) ovaries. PLACENTATION TYPE Axile: Having placentae arranged around (or ovules borne upon) a central column of tissue in an ovary with as many locules as there are carpels. Parietal: Having placentae borne upon the ovary wall or on an extension of it; the