Solutions for Your Site Development, Construction and Environmental Projects October 8, 2009 TolTest Project No. 21524 Mr. Ernesto Perez, COR 300 Vesle Drive F. E. Warren AFB, WY 82005 Subject: Contract No. FA8903-04-D-8720, Task Order 0019 Historical Context Study of Military Sites in Wyoming from 1920 to the End of the Cold War F. E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming Historical Context Study – Final Document Dear Mr. Perez: Enclosed is the final document of the historical context study and bibliography. As required per the contract 25 compact disks and 2 hard copies were delivered to F.E. Warren Air Force Base. Should you have any questions or require any additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me at 419-794-3648. Sincerely, TOLTEST, INC. Brett Boyce Project Coordinator Enclosed: Historical Context Study (Final Document) cc: Ms. Amy Morteg – AFCEE CO Ms. Leilani Woods – F. E. Warren AFB Mr. Mark Miller – State Archeologist Ms. Judy Wolf – Wyoming SHPO Ms. Mary Hopkins – Wyoming SHPO Mr. Kurt Schweigert - TEC 1480 Ford Street, Maumee, OH 43537, Phone (419) 794-3500, Fax (419) 794-3901 The preferred and trusted partner of our clients and associates. Wyoming Military Historic Context, 1920-1989 Contract No. FA8903-04-D-8720 Task Order 0019 Prepared by: 1480 Ford Street and Maumee, OH 43537 1658 Cole Boulevard, Suite 190 Golden, CO 80401 Prepared for: Wyoming State Historic Air Force Center for Preservation Office Environmental Flight Engineering and the 2301 Central Avenue F.E. Warren Air Force Base Environment/AC Barrett Building, Third Floor 300 Vesle Drive 3300 Sidney Brooks Road Cheyenne, WY 82002 Cheyenne, WY 82005 Brooks City-Base, TX 78235 October 2009 Wyoming Military Historic Context, 1920-1989 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Number LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................v MANAGEMENT SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 3 1.1 PURPOSE AND GOALS ................................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Definition of a Historic Context ....................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Uses of a Historic Context ................................................................................ 3 1.1.3 Need for 1920-1989 Military Sites Context for Wyoming; Previous Research ............................................................................................. 3 1.2 METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES .............................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Limitations of Current Study ............................................................................ 6 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THIS CONTEXT ....................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 – BRIEF SUMMARY OF MILITARY HISTORY IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.1 WORLD WAR I AND THE INTERWAR YEARS...................................................... 11 2.2 WORLD WAR II ........................................................................................................... 16 2.3 POST WWII AND COLD WAR ERA .......................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3 – THE U.S. ARMY IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 ............................................... 29 3.1 ORIGINS AND SERVICE BEFORE 1920 ................................................................... 29 3.2 THE ARMY IN WYOMING IN THE INTERWAR ERA, 1920-1940. ....................... 37 3.3 THE ARMY IN WYOMING DURING WORLD WAR II AND POST-WAR, 1940-1947. ..................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.1 Fort F.E. Warren During World War II .......................................................... 49 3.3.2 Casper Army Air Base .................................................................................... 57 3.3.3 Cheyenne Modification Center No. 10 ........................................................... 64 3.3.4 WWII Prisoner of War Camps in Wyoming ................................................... 68 3.3.5 Heart Mountain Relocation Center ................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 4 – U.S. AIR FORCE IN WYOMING, 1947-1989 .............................................. 99 CHAPTER 5 – THE NATIONAL GUARD IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 ............................ 133 5.1 ORIGINS AND SERVICE BEFORE 1920 ................................................................. 133 5.2 THE WYOMING GUARD IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD, 1920-1940 .................. 133 5.2.1 Historical Narrative ....................................................................................... 133 5.3 THE WYOMING NATIONAL GUARD IN WWII, 1940-1946 ................................ 152 5.4 THE WYOMING NATIONAL GUARD IN THE COLD WAR ERA, 1946-1989 ... 160 5.5 THE WYOMING AIR NATIONAL GUARD IN THE COLD WAR ERA, 1946-1989 .................................................................................................................... 174 Wyoming Military Historic Context, 1920-1989 Page ii CHAPTER 6 – ARMY, NAVY, AND AIR FORCE RESERVES IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 .......................................................................................................................... 183 6.1 ORIGINS AND SERVICE BEFORE 1920 ................................................................. 183 6.2 THE ARMY RESERVES IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 .............................................. 184 6.3 ARMY ROTC IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 ................................................................ 190 6.4 AIR FORCE RESERVES IN WYOMING, 1948-1989 .............................................. 190 6.5 AIR FORCE ROTC IN WYOMING, 1948-1989 ....................................................... 191 6.6 NAVAL RESERVES IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 ..................................................... 191 6.7 MARINE RESERVES IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 ................................................... 192 CHAPTER 7 – VETERANS AFFAIRS, 1920-1989 .............................................................. 193 7.1 THE VA HOSPITAL AT SHERIDAN, 1921-1989 .................................................... 194 7.2 THE CHEYENNE VETERANS MEDICAL CENTER, 1932-1989 .......................... 199 7.3 WYOMING SOLDIERS AND SAILORS HOME (WYOMING VETERANS HOME), 1903-1989 ..................................................................................................... 202 CHAPTER 8 – ANCILLARY MILITARY AFFAIRS IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 .......... 203 8.1 SELECTIVE SERVICE............................................................................................... 203 8.2 CIVIL DEFENSE ........................................................................................................ 209 CHAPTER 9 – PROPERTY TYPES IN WYOMING, 1920-1989 ....................................... 215 9.1 PROPERTY TYPES .................................................................................................... 215 9.2 EVALUATION CRITERIA ........................................................................................ 218 9.2.1 National Register of Historic Places Criteria for Evaluation ........................ 218 9.2.2 Special Consideration for Cold War Properties Less than 50 Years Old ..... 219 9.2.3 Integrity Criteria ............................................................................................ 222 9.2.4 Period of Significance ................................................................................... 224 9.3 MAJOR TRAINING/ACTIVITY COMPLEXES ....................................................... 225 9.3.1 F.E. Warren AFB .......................................................................................... 225 9.3.2 Pole Mountain Target and Maneuver Area ................................................... 233 9.3.3 Casper Army Air Base and Bombing/Gunnery Ranges ............................... 238 9.3.4 Cheyenne Modification Center No. 10 and Wyoming Air National Guard Facilities ............................................................................................. 249 9.3.5 Camp Guernsey ............................................................................................. 254 9.3.6 Heart Mountain Relocation Camp ................................................................ 263 9.3.7 CCC and POW Camps .................................................................................. 273 9.3.8 Veterans Care Facilities ................................................................................ 281 9.4 INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY TYPES, WYOMING MILITARY HISTORY, 1920-1989 .................................................................................................................... 286 9.4.1 Administration .............................................................................................. 287 9.4.2 Safety and Security ......................................................................................