PACIFIC STUDIES a journal devoted to the study of the Pacific- its islands and adjacent countries JULY 1986 Anthropology Archaeology Art History Ethnomusicology Folklore Geography History Sociolinguistics Literary Criticism Political Science Sociology Published by THE INSTITUTE FOR POLYNESIAN STUDIES (Brigham Young University--Hawaii Campus) Funded by the Polynesian Cultural Center EDITORIAL BOARD Fergus Clunie Fiji Museum Paul Alan Cox Brigham Young University Roger Green University of Auckland Renée Heyum University of Hawaii Francis X. Hezel, S. J, Micronesian Seminar Rubellite Johnson University of Hawaii Adrienne Kaeppler Smithsonian Institution Robert Kiste University of Hawaii Robert Langdon Australian National University Ioane LeMamea Pacific Islanders’ Educational Research Center, N.Z. Stephen Levine Victoria University Katharine Luomala University of Hawaii Barrie Macdonald Massey University Cluny Macpherson University of Auckland Leonard Mason University of Hawaii Malama Meleisea University of the South Pacific Norman Meller University of Hawaii Richard M. Moyle University of Auckland Colin Newbury Oxford University Douglas Oliver University of Hawaii Margaret Orbell Canterbury University Nancy Pollock Victoria University Karl Rensch Australian National University Bradd Shore Emory University Yosihiko Sinoto Bishop Museum William Tagupa Office of Hawaiian Affairs Francisco Orrego Vicuña Universidad de Chile Tuaopepe Felix Wendt University of the South Pacific Edward Wolfers Macquarie University PACIFIC STUDIES Editor DALE B. ROBERTSON Associate Editor Associate Editor GLORIA L. CRONIN ANITA HENRY Book Review Editor MAX E. STANTON Editorial Policy Pacific Studies is published three times each year by The Institute for Polynesian Studies, Brigham Young University--Hawaii Campus, Laie, Hawaii, 96762, but responsibility for opinions expressed in the articles rests with the authors alone. Subscription rate is U.S. $20.00. Accounts payable to The Institute for Polynesian Studies should be sent to the editor. Articles submitted to the editor should be the original typewritten copy, double spaced. Authors may write to the editor for a style sheet. Books for review should also be sent to the editor. The Institute for Polynesian Studies, Brigham Young University- Hawaii Campus, is an organization funded by the Polynesian Cultural Center. The Institute assists the Center in meeting its cultural and edu- cational goals by undertaking a program of teaching, research, and publication. The Institute cooperates with other scholarly and research instiitutions in achieving their objectives. It publishes monographs, produces films, underwrites research, and sponsors conferences on the Pacific islands. Further information on the activities of the Institute may be obtained by writing to its director, Jerry K. Loveland, at the above address. ©1986 Brigham Young University-Hawaii Campus. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISSN 0275-3596 Volume 9 July 1986 Number 3 CONTENTS Articles Ethnography of Ontong Java and Tasman Islands with Remarks re: The Marqueen and Abgarris Islands by R. Parkinson RICHARD FEINBERG, ED. 1 The Ambiguities of Education in Kilenge, Papua New Guinea MARTY ZELENIETZ AND JILL GRANT . 33 Pidgin English in Fiji: A Sociolinguistic History JEFF SIEGEL ................................... 53 The Fiji Labor Trade in Comparative Perspective, 1864-1914 RALPH SHLOMOWITZ . 107 Editor’s Forum Saviours and Savages: An Italian View of the Nineteenth-Century Maori World HAZEIL RISEBOROUGH . 153 Reviews Donald Lawrence Brenneis and Fred R. Myers, eds., Dangerous Words: Language and Politics in the Pacific (GEORGE D. WESTERMARK) . 175 John Charlot, The Hawaiian Poetry of Religion and Politics (SERGE DUNIS) . 179 Janet Davidson, The Prehistory of New Zealand (PETER BELLWOOD) ...................................... 182 Janet W. D. Dougherty, West Futuna-Aniwa: An Introduction to a Polynesian Outlier Language (NIKO BESNIER) ................................... 184 Janice Reid, Sorcerers and Healing Spirits: Continuity and Change in an Aboriginal Healing System (PAUL ALAN COX) . 186 Michael W. Young, Magicians of Manumanua. Living Myth in Kalauna (JEAN GUIART) . 189 Contributors . 199 PACIFIC STUDIES Vol. 9, No. 3 July 1986 ETHNOGRAPHY OF ONTONG JAVA AND TASMAN ISLANDS WITH REMARKS RE: THE MARQUEEN AND ABGARRIS ISLANDS by R. Parkinson Translated by Rose S. Hartmann, M.D. Introduced and Annotated by Richard Feinberg Kent State University INTRODUCTION The Polynesian outliers for years have held a special place in Oceanic studies. They have figured prominently in discussions of Polynesian set- tlement from Thilenius (1902), Churchill (1911), and Rivers (1914) to Bayard (1976) and Kirch and Yen (1982). Scattered strategically through territory generally regarded as either Melanesian or Microne- sian, they illustrate to varying degrees a merging of elements from the three great Oceanic culture areas—thus potentially illuminating pro- cesses of cultural diffusion. And as small bits of land, remote from urban and administrative centers, they have only relatively recently experienced the sustained European contact that many decades earlier wreaked havoc with most islands of the “Polynesian Triangle.” The last of these characteristics has made the outliers particularly attractive to scholars interested in glimpsing Polynesian cultures and societies that have been but minimally influenced by Western ideas and Pacific Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3—July 1986 1 2 Pacific Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3—July 1986 accoutrements. For example, Tikopia and Anuta in the eastern Solo- mons are exceptional in having maintained their traditional social structures, including their hereditary chieftainships, almost entirely intact. And Papua New Guinea’s three Polynesian outliers—Nukuria, Nukumanu, and Takuu—may be the only Polynesian islands that still systematically prohibit Christian missionary activities while proudly maintaining important elements of their old religions. Yet until recently the very isolation that has made these islands worthy of attention has discouraged systematic documentation. Since the 1960s substantial bodies of ethnographic data have been published on a number of the outliers. Works include Carroll’s writings on Nukuoro (e.g., 1970, 1975a) and Lieber’s on Kapingamarangi (e.g., 1970, 1974, 1977) in the Federated States of Micronesia; Bayliss-Smith’s studies of Ontong Java in the Solomons’ Malaita Province (e.g., 1974, 1975b); the work of Monberg and his colleagues on Rennell and Bellona in the Central Solomons (e.g., Elbert and Monberg 1965; Monberg 1971, 1976); Davenport’s accounts of the Reefs and Taumako in the Santa Cruz Group (e.g., Davenport 1968, 1972, 1975); and Feinberg’s writings on Anuta at the Solomons’ eastern fringe (e.g., 1981). In addi- tion to most of these islands, West Futuna in southeastern Vanuatu has been documented from a linguistic standpoint (Dougherty 1983). Ar- chaeological studies have been published on Nukuoro (Davidson 1968, 1971), Anuta (Kirch and Rosendahl 1973), and Tikopia (Kirch and Yen 1982). And our knowledge will be much augmented with the publica- tion of extensive linguistic and archaeological studies on Takuu by Jay Howard and Barbara Moir respectively, and of detailed ethnographic work on Sikaiana by William Donner. By contrast, studies predating the 1960s are few and far between. By far the most extensively reported of the Polynesian outliers is Tiko- pia, which since 1928 has been the object of rigorous study by Sir Ray- mond Firth. Kenneth Emory’s substantial monograph on Kapinga- marangi (1965) is based on research carried out in 1947 and 1950. And H. Ian Hogbin’s work on Ontong Java in the 1920s resulted in a series of articles (e.g., 1930a, 1930b, 1930c, 1931a, 1931b, 1932) and an impor- tant book (1961). But prior to the 1920s, the only professional publica- tion of note on the outliers is Sarfert and Damm’s monograph on Nuku- manu and Ontong Java (1929), based on Sarfert’s participation in the Thilenius expedition of 1908-1910. While Sarfert compiled much infor- mation in what, by modern standards, was a rather short period of fieldwork, the monograph is only available in German and is not easily accessible. And before the twentieth century we have little more than Ethnography of Ontong Java and Tasman Islands 3 brief, sporadic comments by traders, planters, missionaries, and explor- ers. It is in this light that Parkinson’s writings assume their importance. Richard H. R. Parkinson, a man of Anglo-German ancestry, was sent to Samoa as surveyor for Godeffroys trading company in 1878 at the age of thirty-five. Shortly after his arrival in Samoa, Parkinson met and married Phoebe Coe, younger sister of the famed “Queen Emma.” That same year Emma left Samoa with Thomas Farrell for the Bismark Archipelago of what is now Papua New Guinea. She and her husband/ partner managed to acquire large landholdings in the Bismark Archi- pelago and the northwestern Solomons; and until well into the first dec- ade of this century, Forsayth and Company, headed by “Queen Emma,” was a force to be reckoned with in the German New Guinea colony, In 1882 Richard and Phoebe Parkinson moved to New Guinea to join Emma, and for almost three decades Richard Parkinson was the chief administrator and agronomist for the Forsayth copra empire. His responsibilities required extensive travel among the islands of the Ger- man colony; and as an amateur natural historian, he made careful inquiries and observations,