Botany for Arborists Jim Downer [email protected] 805-645-1458 http://ceventura.ucdavis.edu LdLandscape NtNotes Many of the slides in this presentation are from Raven, Evert and Eichhorn, 2005. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York ISBN 0-7167-1007-2, Botany? Arborists? Why??? • Professionalism • Knowledge of how plants (especially trees) function • This lecture introduces the article series bibeing pu blihdiblished in eac hih issue o fWf Wes tern Arborist. Botany is not… • Horticulture • Plant pathology • SilSoil sc ience • Entomology • Geology or • Biology Botany is… • Nomenclature • Taxonomy • AtAnatomy and morp hlhology • Physiology • Genetics and reproduction How we present information •“Its big, its green, its bushy! Look at all these sprouts! It’s a healthy tree!” • Your tree is large it has a dense canopy, leaf retention is above average. Your tree appears healthy! • It comes down to NOMENCLATURE Nomenclature • International Code of Botanical nomenclature – A stable method of naming all plants – Avoids useless creation of names – Provides grammatical correctness of names – Establishes starting dates for all names – Always in Latin • Genus: generic name is a noun (singular) • Species: specific epithet is an adjective Rules of Nomenclature • Linnaeus • Fragmenta botanica (1736) • Critica botanic (()1737) • Philosophia botanica (1751) • Priority: the concept that the first validly proposed name has priority over all others • Theorie elementaire de la botanique (1813) • First I nternati onal B otani cal C ongress (1867 ) • American Code (1892-1910) Genera are named for: • People: Lewissia, Clarkia (for Lewis and Clark) • Greek+Latin words: Helianthus from helio, sun; anthos, flower. • Some without meaning: Alnus- Alder • Based on location: Iberia, Spain; Idahoa, Idaho • Anagrams: Lobivia, Bolivia; Legenere, E.L. GGeeereene Type specimen of the angiosperm PdPodan drogyne formosa which is found in Costa Rica and western Panama. This specimen was collected by Theodore S. Cochrane and described bhiiby him in a paper published in the journal Britonnia 30:405-410 in 1978. Terminations GdGenders must agree • Eriogonum polypodum, Eucalyptus globulus, Sinningia leucotricha • Gender of the specific eptithet always determined by the gender of the generic name • Trees, no matter the generic termination are always have a feminine ending • Terminations can be for people – Clarkia dudleyana for William Dudley (1849-1911) Scientific Names alildhhilways include authorships • Sanicula marilandica L. • Things can change – EiErigeron cana dens is LtL. to CdiConyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Division Magnoliophyta Takht., Cronquist & W. Zimm. ex Reveal, 1996 Class Magnoliopsida Brongn., 1843 Subclass MagnoliidaeNovák ex Takht., 1967 Superorder Magnolianae Takht., 1967 Order Magnoliales Bromhead, 1838 SbSubor der MliiMagnoliineae Eng l., 1898 Family Magnoliaceae Juss., 1789 Subfamily Magnolioideae (Juss.) Arn., 1832 Genus Magnolia L., 1753 Species virginiana L., 1753 Type: Clifford Herbarium 222 Magnolia No. 1 (BM) How do you correctly write a plant name? • Genus and species • Italics, or underline • GitliditGenus capitalized species not • Authorities Capsicum annuum L. How are trees put together? • Cells • Tissues (Epidermal, ground, vascular) • Organs – Roots –Stems – Leaves – Flowers or cones Robert Hooke, ca 1670, first used the simple microscope To discover the cellular nature of cork. Hooke’s Cork Cell Functions • A. Serves as the structural building block to form tissues and organs • B. Each cell is functionally independent- it can live on its own under the right conditions 1. it can de fine its boun dar ies an d pro tec t itse lf from ex terna l changes causing internal changes 2. it can use sugars to derive energy for different processes which keep it alive 3. it con ta ins a ll the in forma tion requ ire d for rep lica ting itse lf and interacting with other cells in order to produce a multicellular organism 4. It is even possible to reproduce the entire plant from altlmost any s illlfthltingle cell of the plant Plant cells - the basic building blocks. • each cell is approximately 1/10- 1/100th of a millimeter long • cells can specialize in form and function to provide certain specialized functions to the whole plant • Each cell can live on its own under certain conditions- however, byyg working together they provide a way to survive in more varied conditions Types of Cells • A. Prokaryotic cells- eg. bacteria 1il1. very simple-there are no organell es an d mos t everything functions in the cytoplasm • B. Eukaryotic cells 1lltith1. all contain the organe llthtlles that subcompartmentalize the cell 2. includes unicellular algae and protists (e.g. amoeba) that live alone or in colonies 3. includes multicellular organisms - animals, plants, fungi - where cells work together a. plant cells are unlike animal cells in that plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls. Animal cells have neither of these. Plant cells also have relatively large vacuoles. Escherichia coli NllNucleolus Nucleus Chromatin DNA + Histones Mitochondria Chloroplasts Vacuole Tree Cells • Trees are made of cells • Cells can not be “healed” • Trees produce new cells in new locations to cover over wounds (A. Shigo) Tree growth • Is fundamentally different from animal growth. •Animal ggyprowth is determinate; an animal embryo develops into a young animal, then an adult. In other words, the overall shape of the adult animal is genetically determined from its earliest developmental stages. Once an animal has become an adult, it may become heavier or fatter, but it will not become larger. • Tree growth is often indeterminate; even an adult plant retains tiny regions of embryonic tissue called meristems that are capable of developing into new parts of the plant. Although the plant does grow according to a set of rules (similar to a fractal), the tree is growing new shoots and roots for as long as it is alive. Thus the ultimate exact shape of the tree is not determined in advance, and the growth is said to be indeterminate. • Ultimately growth is made by dividing cells! Mitosis • Four major phases: prophase, metaphase, anappphase and telophase. • Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Sister chromatids are joined at thPhdihdilihe centromere. Prophase ends with dissolution of the nuclear membrane and nucleolus. Prophase is the longest phase of mitosis. • Metaphase: development of the mitotic spindle and the kinetochore. Polar microtubules and kinetochore microtubules are clearly formed. Chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane or metaphase plate. Tree Growth • Meristems are reggyions of embryonic tissue capable of growing into new plant parts. Meristems are found in both roots and shoots. – Primary meristems make the shoot or root grow longer. This kind of growth is called primary growth. • A shoot apical meristem is found within each bud. • A root apppical meristem is found at the tip of each root, and is protected by the root cap. – Secondary meristems make the stem or root grow larger in diameter. This kind of growth is called secondthNtllkidfltbldary growth. Not all kinds of plants are capable of secondary growth. Secondary growth gives rise to wood, and plants that are not capable of secondary growth do not develop wood. Plant tissues • Unlike animals, the major organs of plants (roots, stems, and leaves) are all composed of the same three tissues (epidermis, vascular tissues, and ground tissues). • Each tissue carries out the same fundamental activities throughout the plant. • Three types of tissues – Epidermis - the exchange of matter between the plant and the environment. • the epidermis on aboveground organs (leaves and stems) is involved with gas exchange • the epidermis on belowground organs (roots) is involved with water and ion uptake – Vascular tissues - the transport of water and dissolved substances inside the plant • the xylem carries water and dissolved ions from the roots to stems and leaves • the phloem carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all other parts of the plant – Ground tissues - metabolism, storage, and support activities • the ground tissue of the leaf (called mesophyll) uses the energy in sunlight to synthesize sugars in a process known as photosynthesis • the ground tissue of the stem (called pith and cortex) develops support cells to hold the young plant upright • the ground tissue of the root (also called cortex) often stores energy- rich • carbohydrates • Growth of plant tissues give rise to complicated structure Tree Structure Tissues give rise to organs that comprise the structure of the tree • Shoots – Shoots are made of leaves attached to a stem. • Leaves (singular; plural is leaves) – Leaves are often the primary site of photosynthesis. • Stems – Holds leaves, transports and stores water and nutrients, and is sometimes photosynthetic . • Roots -- Anchorage, supports the stem -- Absorption of water and minerals -- Storage of sugars Buds Buds can develop into new shoots. Buds are named according to wh ere they occur on the s hoo t. Eac h s hoo t has an apical bud at the tip of the shoot, as well as an axillary bud associated with each leaf. – Apical Bud • The apical bud is found at tip (or "apex") of the shoot. • This is the point from which the shoot will grow. – Axillary B uds • The angle between the leaf and stem is called the axil. • There is normally a bud in the axil of each leaf • Axillary buds are of elongating into a new shoot (a branch). Therefore there will be a leaf (or a leaf scar) below each branch on