View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library Transformations in the carpathian Basin around 1600 B. C. Klára P. fischl, Viktória Kiss, gabriella Kulcsár and Vajk szeverényi Zusammenfassung Summary Um die Zeit des Vulkanausbruchs von Thera fanden wichtige Around the time of the Thera eruption important transforma- Veränderungen im Karpatenbecken statt. Diese sogenannte tions occurred in the Carpathian Basin. This is the so-called Koszider Epoche korrespondiert mit der letzten Phase der Koszider Period, which corresponds to the last phase of the mittleren Bronzezeit in der ungarischen Terminologie und Middle Bronze Age (MBA) in the Hungarian terminology and stellt den Übergang zur späten Bronzezeit dar. Die Untersu- represents a transition to the Late Bronze Age. The assess- chung dieser Epoche hat sich bisher als kontrovers erwiesen ment of the period has been controversial among both Hun- – sowohl unter ungarischen als auch mitteleuropäischen Wis- garian and central European scholars. In the past few years senschaftlern. Erst in den letzten Jahren ist diese Epoche nicht this period has been interpreted not as a short »horizon« con- mehr als kurzer Zeitraum, mit der ein bestimmtes histori- nected to a specific historical event, but as a longer period sches Ereignis verbunden werden kann, interpretiert worden. that represented the heyday of the MBA in the Carpathian Vielmehr sieht man sie nun als eine länger dauernde Periode Basin, which ended with significant transformations. The an, welche die Blütezeit der mittleren Bronzezeit im Karpa- main elements of this transformation, however, are still un- tenbecken markiert und die mit einschneidenden Verände- clear. Our aim is to investigate this transformation through rungen endet. the comparison of several aspects of three subsequent phases Die Hauptelemente dieses Wandels sind allerdings noch and to amend the previously offered interpretations of the unklar. Unser Ziel ist es, den Wandel durch den Vergleich ver- changes with a few new considerations. schiedener Aspekte dreier aufeinanderfolgender Phasen zu untersuchen. Am Ende sollen einige neue Erwägungen ste- hen, die die bisherigen Interpretationen dieser Veränderun- gen erweitern können. Introduction In the past few years this period has been interpreted not as a short »horizon« connected to a specific historical event, Around the time of the Thera eruption important transfor- but as a longer period that represented the heyday of the mations occurred in the Carpathian Basin, today covering MBA in the Carpathian Basin, which ended with significant Hungary and parts of Austria, Slovakia, the Ukraine, Roma- transformations (Bóna 1992; Bóna 1992a). The main ele- nia, Serbia and Croatia (Fig. 1). This is the so-called Koszider ments of this transformation, however, are still unclear. Our Period, which corresponds to the last phase of the Middle aim below is to investigate this transformation through the Bronze Age (MBA) according to the Hungarian terminology, comparison of several aspects of three subsequent phases and represents a transition to the Late Bronze Age (LBA). – the classic phase of the MBA (Reinecke Bronzezeit [here- The assessment of the period has been controversial among after: RB] A2b–c; ca. 18oo–16oo B. C.), its final phase, the both Hungarian and central European scholars. Koszider Period (RB B; ca. 16oo–15oo/145o B. C.) and the The eponymous bronze hoards that had been found in beginning of the LBA, the classic Tumulus Grave Period the uppermost layers of the tell settlement of Dunaújváros- (RB C1–C2; ca. 15oo/145o–13oo B. C.) – and to amend the Kosziderpadlás were published by A. Mozsolics and I. Bóna previously offered interpretations of the changes with a few in the 195os together with other hoards of similar composi- new considerations. tion. The burial of the hoards – based on the traditional con- cept of culture and then dated to 135o B. C. – was connected to the attack of the mobile pastoralist warriors of the The Early and Middle Bronze Age background »Tumulus Culture« from southern Germany, whose appear- ance brought an end to the flourishing »Tell Cultures« of the At the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (EBA) in Hungary Danube and Tisza regions1. Accordingly, the Koszider (28oo/27oo–26oo/25oo B. C.) ceramic styles delineate com- Period was considered a short, war-ridden and turbulent munication networks covering large areas within the whole phase. Carpathian Basin with two main groups characterized by 1 Mozsolics 1957; Bóna 1958; Mozsolics 1967. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für VorgeschichTe halle • Band 9 • 2013 356 KLára P. fischL, Viktória Kiss, gaBriella KuLcsár, VajK szeVerényi Northeastern Carpathians Northwestern Carpathians Eastern Carpathians Apuseni Mountains Southern Carpathians 100 km Fig. 1 The Carpathian Basin with modern state borders and major rivers and mountains. the Makó-Kosihy-Čaka and Late Vučedol/Somogyvár- One of the major features of the period is the formation of Vinkovci ceramic styles2. With a few exceptions, the settle- tell settlements that were inhabited for many centuries ment pattern of this phase indicates little social stratifi- along the Danube and Tisza rivers and their tributaries5. cation, with not much differentiation between the larger These settlements imply increased sedentism and intensive centres and the smaller or larger open settlements. agriculture on the one hand, and a new attitude towards ter- In the second half of the EBA (25oo/24oo–2ooo/19oo ritoriality, the emergence of a new relationship with the B. C.), we can observe a transformation that probably grew past, traditions and ancestors, and of new rituals – primarily out of the contact of a southern, Balkan and a northwestern that of deliberate house burning6 – on the other. and central European (Bell Beaker) network within the Car- It is important to note, however, that within the distri- pathian Basin; the exact process, however, still remains un- bution area of the so-called »Tell Cultures« tell settlements known. In place of – and partly beside – the previous two themselves are not present everywhere. According to large stylistic units, new ones covering smaller areas appear P. Sümegi’s results, on the macro level, tells emerged in areas along the Danube and to the east, and develop continuously with a sub-Mediterranean climate and an alluvial environ- into the MBA (RB A2; from 2ooo/19oo B. C.) (Fig. 2)3. West ment with mosaic patterning (Sümegi/Bodor 2ooo). For of this region we encounter the Transdanubian Encrusted example, in the case of the sites characterized by Hatvan Ware in the MBA (Kiss 2oo3; Kiss 2o12). Even more to the style material it is striking that tells characteristically do not west communities belonged to the wider Aunjetitz circle occur north of the Pannonian forest steppe vegetation zone (Gáta/Wieselburg, Unterwölbling) and the southeast Alpine (Fig. 3). This indicates that tell settlements are important, regional groups4. All this indicates the emergence of smaller but not exclusive features of the cultural and social units of groups that communicated their identities with new, increas- the period. The often fortified tells along the Danube and to ingly distinct ceramic styles. the east, and the fortified hilltop settlements in the central 2 Bóna 1992; Kulcsár 2oo9; Reményi 2oo9. 4 Bóna 1975; Neugebauer 1994; Krenn-Leeb 6 Stevanović 1997; Chapman 1999; Szeverényi 3 Hatvan, Maros, Vatin/Vattina, Vatya, 2oo6. 2oo4. Füzesabony, Gyulavarsánd styles: Bóna 5 Sherratt 1993; Gogâltan 2oo2; O’Shea 2o11. 1975; Bóna 1992. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für VorgeschichTe halle • Band 9 • 2013 TransformaTions in The carPaThian Basin around 1600 B. C. 357 100 km Fig. 2 Distribution of Middle Bronze Age (MBA) ceramic styles in the Carpathian Basin. part of Transdanubia – where tells are missing – are usually label Koszider metallurgy (Fig. 5). In Austria and Germany, interpreted as chiefly centres, surrounded by larger single the emergence of this new type of jewellery was connected layer settlements and smaller satellite settlements. It to the appearance of elements from the Carpathian Basin. In remains debated whether this three-level settlement hier- Hungary, however, the new metal types were connected to archy, probably integrating a few thousand individuals, can the appearance of a new ceramic style that was thought to be taken to indicate the presence of chiefdom type polities in arrive from the western part of central Europe through the the area7. migration of the »Tumulus Grave Culture«8. The best expla- nation for this paradigm change that can be observed in a number of regions may be the emergence of a new commu- Typochronology and absolute dates nication network throughout most of central Europe, whose point of origin is still unknown, perhaps can never be One of the most salient phenomena in the youngest layers of known, or should be considered »multi-centred«. tell settlements is that the borders between previously more Within the framework of the radiocarbon-based high distinct pottery styles become blurred, and generally pot- chronology, the MBA in Hungary is placed between ca. 2ooo tery becomes more uniform. There are a number of possible B. C. and 15oo B. C. Within this period the date of the end explanations for this: perhaps the different local identities phase of the MBA, the Koszider Period (RB A2c–RB B) communicated through distinct ceramic styles became more remains somewhat uncertain.