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A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 9781137507396_01_prexiv_1pp.indd 4 25/07/16 11:43 AM NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION Contents Preface viii Acknowledgements x Symbols and Conventions xi Part A Grammatical Description 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Grammar and the Description of Language 3 1.2 Defining Grammatical Categories 4 1.3 Grammatical Categories and ‘Prototypes’ 7 1.4 Morphology: Words and Lexemes 8 1.5 Constituent Structure 10 1.6 Classes and Functions 14 1.7 Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar 16 1.8 Grammar and the Description of Texts 19 1.9 Grammar and Language Variety 21 Exercises 28 2 A Preliminary Overview 32 2.1 The Parts of Speech 32 2.2 Words and Phrases 36 2.3 The Open Classes 38 2.4 The Closed Classes 42 2.5 Basic and Non-basic Clauses 44 2.6 The Structure of Basic Clauses: A Preview 46 Exercises 51 3 Nouns and Noun Phrases 55 3.1 Subclasses of Nouns 55 3.2 Proper Nouns 60 3.3 Pronouns 60 3.4 Noun Phrase Structure 67 3.5 Pre-head Dependents 67 v 9781137507396_01_prexiv_1pp.indd 5 25/07/16 11:43 AM NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION vi CONTENTS 3.6 Post-head Dependents 70 3.7 Nominalisation 73 Exercises 73 4 Verbs and Verb Phrases 77 4.1 Verbs 77 4.2 Auxiliary Verbs 82 4.3 Verb Phrase Structure and Meaning 85 Exercises 93 5 Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions and Associated Phrases 96 5.1 Adjectives 96 5.2 Adjective Phrase Structure 99 5.3 Adverbs 100 5.4 Adverb Phrase Structure 102 5.5 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 102 Exercises 105 6 Clause Structure and Clause Type 108 6.1 The Structure of Basic Clauses 108 6.2 Five Major Complementation Patterns 110 6.3 Non-central Types of Complement 111 6.4 Clause Type: Mood 117 6.5 ‘The Sun Rising’: A Text-based Demonstration 122 6.6 Negation in the Clause 124 Exercises 128 7 Subordination and Coordination 131 7.1 Sentences and Clauses 131 7.2 Subordination and Coordination 132 7.3 Subordinate Clauses 135 7.4 Non-finite Clauses 143 7.5 Verbless Clauses 148 7.6 Coordination 148 7.7 ‘Flattened’ Tree Analysis 150 Exercises 156 8 Information Structure in the Clause 160 8.1 Information Structure 160 8.2 Active and Passive Clauses 161 8.3 Subject–complement Switch 163 8.4 Extraposition 164 8.5 Existential Sentences 165 9781137507396_01_prexiv_1pp.indd 6 25/07/16 11:43 AM NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION CONTENTS vii 8.6 Cleft Sentences 168 8.7 ‘Reordering’ 169 Exercises 173 Part B Looking at Language in Context 177 9 From Separate Sentences to Connected Text 179 9.1 Some Preliminary Considerations 179 9.2 Reconsidering Sentences 180 9.3 Cohesion 186 9.4 Analysis of Cohesion in Sample Texts 198 Exercises 205 10 Text and Context 207 10.1 Dimensions of Register: Field, Mode and Tenor 207 10.2 Further Dimensions: Functions and Genre 224 Exercises 227 11 Text Analysis: Putting It All Together 230 11.1 ‘Top-down’ Approach 230 11.2 ‘Bottom-up’ Approach 232 11.3 Demonstration Analyses: ‘The Scope of Linguistics’ and ‘Mysteries’ 236 Exercises 247 Appendixes A anyone lived in a pretty how town 250 B Recipe 252 C Seaview advertisement 253 D Army recruitment advertisement 254 E Extract from ‘Creature Features’ 255 F Interview with Sydney band FourPlay 256 G Mysteries 259 H The Sun Rising 261 I When Arnie speaks, there’s no going back 263 J The rising levels of debt that stop workers clocking off 265 K The Scope of Linguistics 268 Answers to Exercises 270 Glossary 285 Some Useful References 298 Index 300 9781137507396_01_prexiv_1pp.indd 7 25/07/16 11:43 AM NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION Preface This book is intended as an introduction to English grammar for sec- ondary and tertiary students. It is divided into two sections. Part A, Grammatical Description, begins by locating the study of grammar within its broader context and explaining general aspects of the approach adopted in this book, and then presents in step-by-step fashion the vari- ous categories that are used in analysing the grammatical structure of sentences. Part B, Looking­ at Language in Context, applies the methods developed in Part A to the analysis of texts of various kinds, found in the Appendices. The aim is not only to equip students with a set of tools for crit­ically analysing texts, but also to make students aware that there are often different ways of analysing a set of grammatical data. In various places throughout the book, we shall pause to draw atten­tion to, and argue against, analyses that have been adopted by a number of grammarians, but which we have decided not to follow. The type of grammatical analysis used is influenced strongly by the structuralist model of grammar, developed by Rodney Huddleston and his colleagues (Huddleston 1984, 1988; Huddleston and Pullum 2002, 2006), but it also draws insights from the work of Randolph Quirk and associates (Quirk et al. 1972, 1985; Leech et al. 1982; Green­baum and Quirk 1990). While the approach we adopt builds on the work of contemporary linguists, it nevertheless retains the familiar terms and categories of traditional grammar wherever possible. Recognising that there will be a number of users of this book who will have some knowl- edge of traditional grammar, we shall draw attention to aspects of our description that differ significantly from those found there. Exercises are presented at the end of each chapter, and answers are provided at the end of the book. Following the answers you will find a Glossary and a list of books and articles for further reading. In this third edition, we have elaborated a number of the grammati- cal explanations in order to make them more accessible. These include the relationship between subject and topic, relator-axis constructions, basic and non-basic clauses, the copula, peripheral dependents, genitive viii 9781137507396_01_prexiv_1pp.indd 8 25/07/16 11:43 AM NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION PREFAcE ix case, the distinction between pronouns and determiners, tensed verb forms, adjective comparison, relative clauses, and active and passive clauses. We have also included a considerable amount of information on the inflectional morphology of nouns and verbs. You will find some new entries in Some Useful References, and a large number of new entries in the Glossary. A number of new exercises have also been included, focusing mainly on the communicative role of grammar and based on the texts in the Appendices. While we have not added any new texts to this edition, we have expanded the discussion of most of the texts both in the relevant chapters and also as guidelines and hints in Answers to Exercises. 9781137507396_01_prexiv_1pp.indd 9 25/07/16 11:43 AM NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION Acknowledgements Ruth Wajnryb writes a regular weekend language column in the Sydney Morning Herald. ‘When Arnie speaks, there’s no going back’ (Appendix I) appeared on 25 October 2003, available at www.smh.com.au/arti- cles/2003/10/24/1066631624596.html. Professor Sharon Beder’s article, ‘The rising levels of debt that stop workers clocking off’ (Appendix J), appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald on Wednesday 20 August 2003, available at www.smh.com.au/ articles/2003/08/19/1061261151596.html.