PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI THE RISE OF SPIRITUAL ISLAM IN TURKEY’S IDENTITY QUEST: UNDERSTANDING ORHAN PAMUK’S OEUVRES THROUGH SUFI FRAMEWORK A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum) Degree in English Language Studies by Sri Hariyatmi Student Number: 126332037 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2014 i PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI A THESIS THE RISE OF SPIRITUAL ISLAM IN TURKEY’S IDENTITY QUEST: UNDERSTANDING ORHAN PAMUK’S OEUVRES THROUGH SUFI FRAMEWORK by Sri Hariyatmi Student Number: 126332037 Approved by Alb. Bagus Laksana, SJ., Ph.D. Yogyakarta, May 12, 2014 Advisor ii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI A THESIS THE RISE OF SPIRITUAL ISLAM IN TURKEY’S IDENTITY QUEST: UNDERSTANDING ORHAN PAMUK’S OEUVRES THROUGH SUFI FRAMEWORK Presented by Sri Hariyatmi Student Number: 126332037 Defended before the Thesis Committee and Declared Acceptable Chairperson : __________________ Secretary : __________________ Members : 1. __________________ 2. __________________ Yogyakarta, , 2014 The Graduate Program Director Sanata Dharma University Prof. Dr. Augustinus Supratiknya iii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else’s ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper references. Yogyakarta, 12 Mei, 2014 Sri Hariyatmi iv PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma : Nama : Sri Hariyatmi Nomor Mahasiswa : 126332037 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul : THE RISE OF SPIRITUAL ISLAM IN TURKEY’S IDENTITY QUEST: UNDERSTANDING ORHAN PAMUK’S OEUVRES THROUGH SUFI FRAMEWORK beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me-ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 12 Mei 2014 Yang menyatakan Sri Hariyatmi v PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is perhaps a cliché to begin an acknowledgment section with a statement about the difficulty of adequately thanking those who have helped me with my work. In fact, I find that the thought of writing these acknowledgments is almost as daunting as that of writing the thesis itself because the impossibility to acknowledge all the input, assistance, and encouragement that went during the preparation of this thesis. They will go unnamed here, but I hope that they know who they are and that I thank them. Thank God for the wisdom and perseverance that He has been bestowed upon me during this research project, and indeed, throughout my life. I feel very fortunate to have had the opportunity to work extensively with Fr. Bagus Laksana, SJ., Ph. D. who has made this research a process which has been deeply rewarding. He led me to develop this research (which had its genesis from his short statement on Sufism and identity construction) that I have loved to work on, offered ears to my ramblings, and nudged me when I wandered off the track throughout the research process with an astonishing patience. I am cordially grateful to his guidance, advices, constructive insights, generous engagements and for everything that I learned from him during this period of time. My sincere appreciation goes to all lecturers in English Language Studies of Sanata Dharma University from whom I learned a lot. I want to extend my gratitude to Dr. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A. (Hons) for her valuable support and encouragement during my study. I must also acknowledge the lecturers of IRB, Fr. Baskara T Wardaya, Fr. Gregorious Budi Subanar, and Dr. Katrin Bandel for vi PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI the insightful and friendly academic discussion, shared either in a class or in a casual conversation. I am also grateful to all my classmates, who have been helping me in my school life. Adesia Kusuma Wardani was there when I began my time as a graduate school student. I owe her huge thanks for catching all that I’ve been thrown at her and I hope she knows how much I appreciate that. Elizabeth Natalina Huwa for her sincere encouragement, Catharina Brameswari, Maximus Nitsae, Adrianus Seto Adi Nugroho, Diksita Galuh Nirwastu, Gisela Swaragita, Maria Agatha Rina Widyastuti, for their friendship and for calling me to ‘remain in play’ whenever I feel lost in this struggle. Special thanks to Gregoria Mayang Dwi Andhesti, the best short-time roomie I could possibly ask for. This piece of my journey here is coming to an end but I believe we will continue to be a great friend. I also indebted to Jeffrey Williams for his priceless and endless encouragement to follow my dream….whatever it may be. My words will fail but there are moments of time which transcend anything the thought can’t comprehend. So…I know that you know how much I thank you. I cannot thank enough my unbiological sister Calandra Artemis Luna for always listening to me, for sharing tears and amusement, and she never left me alone during this study, despite the distance. I enjoyed ‘stealing’ her nights peaceful sleep to proofread my work and I’m glad she could do nothing about it. To my Fulbright-er fellows 2010/2011 especially those who went to Columbia University with me for our summer class: Anna Karpusheva, Daisuke vii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI Kimura, Dewantoro Ratri, Ezgi Bircan Bahçe, Fatima Mohammed, Kadek Ari Natarina, Luciana Marchetti, Marina Anokhina, Mícheál Cathasaigh, Vitor Marconi, Yannik Herawati, and Zeehan Ali, thank you for sharing the ‘world’ with me and teaching me all different new colors that enrich my horizon. To Dra. Zita Rarastesa, M.A, I cannot thank enough for all the encouragement through my academic journey and her trust that I can achieve anything in my life even in the time when I do not have any in myself. To Prof. Dr. Dyah Bekti Ernawati in heaven, I hope she knew that her support, guidance, and memories will always be one of the talismans to lift me up whenever I’m down. Last but not least, a profound appreciation goes to my parents for their unconditional support. In particular the endless patience and understanding shown by my mum for always letting me choosing my own path and adventure, life has to offer. For my dad in heaven, there is not a single day passes without my thought of you. Thank you for being a very devoted father and for teaching me that I can do anything in my life as long as I have motivation and determination. viii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI Notes on Transcription Throughout this thesis, there are Turkish spelling for personal name and places. Therefore, some indications on pronunciation are given to assist the readers who are not familiar with Turkish.1 C, c j as in jam Ç, ç ch as in church Ğ, ğ soft g lengthens the preceding vowel and is not sounded, thus Erdoğan is pronounced Erdoan I, ı without a dot, pronounced like the first syllable of ‘earnest’ İ, I a dot, somewhere between “in” and “eel” Ö, ö French eu as in deux Ş, ş sh as in shame Ü, ü French u as in lumière 1 Qtd in Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922 ( Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005) xiv. ix PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………. i APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………... ii DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………… iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………………………………………… iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ………………………... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ….…………………………………………….. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………... viii NOTES ON TRANSCRI PTION…………………………………………... xi ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………... xii ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………. xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… 1 A. The Issue at Hand ………...………………………………………........... 1 B. Towards Contribution…………………………………………………... 12 C. Scope of Study….……………………………………………………..... 14 D. Research Methods …....…………………………………………………. 14 E. Chapter Outline ….………………………………………………............ 15 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………… A. Review of Related Theory……………………………………………… 17 1. A Brief Introduction to Sufism …………………………………….. 19 2. The Mystical Stages of Union ……………………………………… 26 B. Review of Previous Study………………………………………………. 28 C. Theoretical Framework………....………………………………………. 36 D. Orhan Pamuk’s Oeuvres and His Background………………………….. 37 CHAPTER III Sufi Framework of Meanings in Relation to The