A preview excerpted from the unpublished Sacred Cacti 3rd edition Table of contents Lophophora sp. var. Vieska Abbreviations 122 11 Some forms not widely accepted as specific IMPORTANT Disclaimer & Cautionary designations Statement to Readers 123 13 Lophophora fricii Habermann Opening comments 123 19 Lophophora jourdaniana Habermann Endnotes for Opening comments 124 29 Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa Hort. Chapter One 125 33 Lophophora lutea Random thoughts from a variety of minds 127 56 “Other” peyote species Notes for Chapter One 127 61 Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire ex Salm- A Few Similarities between the Drug Wars Dyck) Coulter and the Witch Craze (after Szasz) 129 78 Common names used for or names applied to Chapter Two peyote 81 129 The Peyote ‘crisis’ Other names encountered in connection with 81 Peyote Some statistics from the Texas DPS 132 82 Folk uses of Lophophora williamsii Some suggestions 133 88 Occurrence and distribution Chapter Three 133 93 Flora often associated with peyote The Distribution & Occurrence of Mesca- 135 line Description and characteristics 95 136 The reported distribution of mescaline Moisture content of Peyote containing species within the family 139 Cactaceae Reported analysis of L. williamsii: 96 140 Distribution of alkaloids within cacti Mescaline content of Peyote 98 140 Traces, Questions or Errors Alkaloid content of Peyote 100 141 Aztekium ritteri (Bödeker) Bödeker An Abbreviated Chronology of the Identifi- 101 cation of the Peyote alkaloids The Gymnocalycium species 144 102 Effects of peyote summarized Reports of the occurrences of mescaline 146 within the Gymnocalycium species Pharmacological overview of the non-mesca- 108 line alkaloid content of peyote Islaya minor Backeberg 146 117 Alkaloids identified in peyote Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) H. Bravo 148 118 5 Sacred Cacti 3rd ed. A couple points of potential interest Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned in 154 positive assays References on peyote that may be of 209 potential interest to readers Cultivation of the Delosperma species 158 212 Peyote Music Delosperma species in which we have de- 161 tected the tentative presence of DMT A portion of the first Inquisition Law and/or 5-MeO-DMT against Mescaline Containing Plants 214 (Peyote) Other members of the Aizoaceae 162 216 the genus Opuntia Summary of other Aizoaceous TLC alkaloid 163 screening Pelecyphora aselliformis Ehrenberg 216 171 Some Other Succulents Held to be Sa- Pereskia Mill. cred, Medicinal or Useful 172 217 Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose Miscellaneous Notes on other members of 177 the Aizoaceae Polaskia chende (Gosselin) Gibson & Horak 221 177 Miscellaneous Notes on some additional Pterocereus (?) gaumeri (Britton & Rose) Aizoaceous Chemistry MacDougall & Miranda 222 179 Endnotes for Some other Succulents Stenocereus beneckei (Ehrenberg) 226 Buxbaum Chapter Five 180 231 re: Djerassi reporting the detection of no Mescaline; Physical Data & Toxicity alkaloid 233 182 Free base Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Riccobono 233 183 LD50 Stenocereus treleasei (Britton & Rose) 234 Backeberg Mescaline hydrochloride 184 235 Stetsonia coryne (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Mescaline sulfate Rose 237 185 Mescaline’s action The Turbinicarpus species 238 187 Dosage Comments on the occurrence & distribution 239 of mescaline Isolation 194 239 Chapter Four Synthesis 203 239 Some Other Succulents Spectrofluorometry 203 241 Some Other Succulents Mass Spectra 204 242 Notes on the AIZOACEAE Biosynthesis of mescaline (discussions, 205 studies and route proposals) 242 6 SC3: Table of Contents Assays Suggested readings on psychological and 242 psychiatric investigations of peyote and Some Rf values reported for Mescaline its alkaloids 242 258 Some Color Reagents and Reactions Re- Taraxein ported For Mescaline 258 244 Tolerance to mescaline Some color reactions of Mescaline 259 246 Cross-tolerance Mescaline Endnotes 260 247 Interactions between hallucinogenic drugs Chapter Six 261 249 Some odds and ends Pharmacology & Metabolism of Mescaline 261 249 Miscellaneous drug interactions with mes- Physical & psychological effects in humans caline 251 262 A few observations published on the phe- Use of MAOIs with mescaline nomenon of mescaline experiences 263 253 Assorted drug interactions reported in Individual variability of drug response animals 256 267 Lophophora williamsii 7 Sacred Cacti 3rd ed. Inhibitors of various components of mes- Notes on Cultivating Some Other Cacti caline-induced effects (in animals) 315 269 Desert varnish Pharmacology in animals 323 270 Comments on “other cacti” Mechanism of action (What we don’t 324 know) A comment on night blooming cacti 275 325 Some more recent thought Cactus Cultivation Endnotes 277 326 Suggested readings on the pharmacognosy Chapter Eight and physiology of peyote and its alka- 329 loids Utilization 278 329 Distribution, metabolism & excretion Peyote & mescaline; the plant & its use reported in animals 331 279 Other ways of ingesting peyote and San Metabolism and excretion reported in Pedro humans 336 283 Utilization endnotes Suggested readings on the metabolism of 340 mescaline Making an orally active tincture 284 343 Biochemistry of mescaline (Miscellaneous Chapter Nine observations) 345 284 Purifying and Producing Mescaline. Animal toxicity summary 345 286 Extracting and processing mescaline Mescaline pharmacology endnotes 347 286 A few words on emulsions Chapter Seven 352 293 Thoughts for the explorers among us the Cultivation & Propagation of Cacti 353 293 Suggestions for investigation or production Growing cacti from seed using modern technology 295 354 Cultivation of Peyote Related studies on enzymes and some 298 useful purification procedures, in, Grafting mostly, unrelated species 299 355 Cultivation of San Pedro Purification & isolation endnotes 302 356 Physically handling cacti Chapter Ten 305 359 Shipping & receiving a cactus Abstracts of Some Useful Manipulations 305 361 Propagation of San Pedro by cuttings Chapter Eleven 307 367 Problems & pests Chromophoretic Reagents & Assays 310 369 8 SC3: Table of Contents Chapter Twelve Suggested reading 373 397 Abstracts of useful assay approaches Cactus Phenethylamines: A Tabular Key to 375 their Structural Formulas Spectrophotometry and other approaches 399 378 Cactus Isoquinolines: A Tabular Key to Retention times reported in Gas Chroma- their Structural Formulas tography 403 379 Mescaline’s Krebs acid conjugates & other Chapter Thirteen compounds 381 408 Miscellany Cactus Triterpenoids & similar molecules: 381 A Tabular Key to their Structural Some authors, namesakes & contributing Formulas researchers (The following includes several related 383 compounds that do not occur in cacti; Some Knize Trichocereus offerings as they these are included for comparative have appeared listed by KK# purposes) 387 409 Suggested reading concerning phosphenes, Useful properties of some solvents com- drug or mind interactions with rhyth- monly used in chromatography mic stimuli (entrainment), and entoptic 413 imagery in rock & other shamanic art 396 Polaskia chende 9 Sacred Cacti 3rd ed. References Some questions that still remain 417 497 ICactus alkaloid cross-list Acknowledgements 469 511 Index 475 Trichocereus bridgesii W.Baker 5452 A proven active form that is purported to have indigenous use A bridgesii initially collected as a pachanoi. but we have been unable to locate any details. 10 SC3: Table of Contents Abbreviations µm = micrometer = micron ml = milliliter Å = angstrom MLD = minimum lethal dose BCE = before current era reported in literature BP = before present mM = milliMolar bp= boiling point mm = millimeter cm = centimeter mmp = mixed melting point dec. = with decomposition mp = melting point dm = decimeter (10 cm.) ms = mass spectroscopy et al. = et alia (“& others”) na = not available/applicable f = forma nd = not detected ft = foot nm = nanometer gc = gas chromatography nn = nomen nudum (named but gm = gram lacking any description) in = inch RT = room temperature im = intramuscular sc = subcutaneous ip = intraperitoneal sn = sine numero (lacking a ir = infrared collection number) iv = intravenous sp = species (singular) kg = kilogram spp = species (plural) kV = kilovolt ssp = subspecies subsp = subspecies LD100 = lethal dose 100% TD = toxic dose LD50 = lethal dose 50% mµ = millimicron (= nm) TLC = thin-layer m = meter chromatography ma = milliamp uv = ultraviolet MAO = monoamine oxidase v = volt MAOI = mao inhibitor var = variety X = indicates a hybrid Trichocereus peruvianus (Australia) These appear on first glance to vaguely resenble dried peyote buttons but are either an agate or another form of chalcedony with a fine drusy quartz coating on one side and lack critical features Petrified peyote (such as ribbed divisions or the distinctive apex) that are typically found in peyote buttons. The first reference to ‘petrified peyote’ was a misnomer in refer- They are amazing natural treasures but in our opinion are clearly ence to the Shumla Caves’ handmade 5 millenia old peyote effigies. not of botanical origin. (See Terry et al. 2006 for details.) More recently ‘petrified peyote buttons’ have been offered for sale at the Tucson Gem & Mineral Show and elsewhere. Compare the above to the dried peyote button on page 145. Rock sold as a petrified peyote button (front & back view) 11.