From Early Colonialism to the Threshold of the XX Century

From Early Colonialism to the Threshold of the XX Century

Prof.Prof. BrunoBruno PierriPierri HistoryHistory ofof ItalianItalian ForeignForeign PolicyPolicy TheThe KingdomKingdom ofof ItalyItaly’’ss ForeignForeign PolicyPolicy:: FromFrom EarlyEarly ColonialismColonialism toto thethe thresholdthreshold ofof thethe XXXX centurycentury FebruaryFebruary 19th,19th, 20142014 DogaliDogali ► Western plateau formally part of Ethiopian Empire ► Ethiopian Empire based on feudal structure : several local sovereigns (ras) only formally subjugated to Emperor (Negus), bound to give him tribute and support in case of war ► Negus had not opposed occupation of Massawa , but later he protested when italian occupied villages of Saati and Uaa , nominally under Egyptian sovereignty , but for a long time controlled by Ethiopia ► Robilant started diplomatic contacts with Negus, but afterwards he opted for military solution ► 26.01.1887 Italian troops ambushed (to attack someone by surprise from a hidden place ) ► The defeat led to protests towards Govt ’s colonial policy , obliging both Robilant and Depretis to resign CrispiCrispi ► RevolutionaryRevolutionary moodmood andand ferventfervent patriotismpatriotism ► PolicyPolicy ofof powerpower andand civilizationcivilization missionmission ► AdmirerAdmirer ofof BismarckBismarck andand rivalrival ofof FranceFrance -- MediterraneanMediterranean expansionexpansion ► AustriaAustria asas aa strongholdstronghold againstagainst RussianRussian expansionismexpansionism andand SlavSlav hegemonyhegemony onon AdriaticAdriatic –– BalkanBalkan policypolicy MilitaryMilitary CollaborationsCollaborations ►► ItaloItalo--AustriaAustria collaborationcollaboration inin casecase ofof AustroAustro--RussianRussian warwar ►► ItaloItalo--GermanGerman collaborationcollaboration ((ItalianItalian troopstroops toto sendsend inin toto thethe RhineRhine area)area) inin casecase ofof FrancoFranco--GermanGerman warwar TreatyTreaty ofof WuchaleWuchale ► CrispiCrispi carriedcarried onon militarymilitary operationsoperations inin Eritrea,Eritrea, sendingsending inin expeditionaryexpeditionary corpcorp ofof 20,00020,000 menmen,, whichwhich reoccupiedreoccupied SaatiSaati ► CommandersCommanders onon thethe spotspot decideddecided toto dealdeal withwith locallocal RasRas inin orderorder toto dividedivide themthem (divide(divide etet impera)impera) ► ItalianItalian AmbassadorAmbassador toto AddisAddis AbebaAbeba (( AntonelliAntonelli )) showedshowed CrispiCrispi thethe possibilitypossibility toto signsign aa treatytreaty puttingputting thethe wholewhole ofof EthiopiaEthiopia underunder ItalianItalian protectorateprotectorate ► 02.05.188902.05.1889 TreatyTreaty ofof WuchaleWuchale:: accordingaccording toto ItalianItalian interpretationinterpretation,, EthiopiaEthiopia notnot onlyonly recognisedrecognised ItalianItalian controlcontrol onon Eritrea,Eritrea, butbut alsoalso becamebecame dede factofacto anan ItalianItalian protectorateprotectorate ► 18901890 EritreaEritrea becamebecame ItalianItalian colonycolony CrispiCrispi policypolicy’’ss failurefailure ► Italian translation of the treaty obliged Ethiopian Govt to rely on Italian diplomacy in order to deal with other European nations , thus practically making Ethiopia an Italian protectorate ► Ethiopian text saw only the possibility for Ethiopia to rely on Italian diplomacy in foreign relations ► Contrasts on interpreration discovered in 1890, when Menelik , who had invited Russian and British sovereigns to his own coronation ceremony , was replied that they could not directly answered him, in light of the treaty he had undersigned ► Ethiopia began purchasing weapons and ammunitions , especially from Russia and France ► Resumption of military operations – contrast with British interests in Sudan EconomicEconomic CrisisCrisis ► Customs rivalry with France more serious due to State increasing debts after military expenses ► Economic subjection towards Germany ► Bismarck dismissed 1890 – loss of reference point for European balance of power RenewalRenewal ofof TripleTriple AllianceAlliance 18911891 ► Stronger safeguarding of Italian interests in North Africa ► Art. 9. Germany and Italy committed to act in favour of territorial status quo in North Africa, especially Cirenaica , Tripolitania and Tunisia ► If , after a thorough analysis of the situation , Italy and Germany realised that keeping the statu quo is impossible , Germany committs herself , after a formal and prehemptive accord , to back Italy in any action, such as occupation or any other form of guarantee , that she might do in those regions . In that case, the two powers woud try to reach an agreement with England ► The treaty also provided facilities and special economic advantages : less serious tariffs war with France AllianceAlliance RussiaRussia--FranceFrance ► After only two years since Bismarck ’s dismissal , his diplomatic castle collapsed : Germany again in jeopardy of being surrounded , France no longer isolated ► France and Russia, having no other object than to meet the necessities of a defensive war, provoked by an attack of the forces of the Triple Alliance against either of them, have agreed upon the following provisions : If France is attacked by Germany , or by Italy supported by Germany , Russia shall employ all her available forces to attack Germany If Russia is attacked by Germany , or by Austria supported by Germany , France shall employ all her available forces to attack Germany ► France and Russia shall not conclude peace separately ConsequencesConsequences ofof FrancoFranco--RussianRussian ententeentente ►►GermanicGermanic componentcomponent ofof TripleTriple AllianceAlliance becamebecame moremore conservative,conservative, inin orderorder toto avoidavoid wastewaste ofof resourcesresources andand occasionsoccasions ofof conflictconflict ►►FranceFrance,, irritatedirritated duedue toto renewalrenewal ofof TripleTriple AllianceAlliance,, acquiredacquired strongerstronger antianti --ItalianItalian attitudeattitude ►►GermanyGermany soughtsought agreementagreement withwith BritainBritain,, butbut atat thethe samesame timetime sheshe becamebecame herher colonialcolonial rivalrival GermanGerman colonialismcolonialism ►►BerlinBerlin ConferenceConference 1884,1884, pursuedpursued byby BismarckBismarck,, hadhad regulatedregulated tradestrades inin CentralCentral --WesternWestern AfricaAfrica ►►BismarckBismarck decideddecided toto recogniserecognise asas coloniescolonies allall territoriesterritories notnot yetyet claimedclaimed byby otherother powerspowers andand inin whichwhich therethere werewere GermanGerman tradingtrading settlementssettlements ►►GermanGerman colonialcolonial empireempire inin AfricaAfrica withoutwithout territorialterritorial continuitycontinuity AdwaAdwa ►►CrispiCrispi reappointedreappointed PrimePrime MinisterMinister 18931893 ►►JanJan 1895,1895, ItaliansItalians occupiedoccupied regionregion ofof TigraiTigrai ,, formallyformally partpart ofof EthiopianEthiopian Empire,Empire, butbut dede factofacto selfself --governinggoverning territoryterritory,, ruledruled byby opposeropposer ofof NegusNegus MenelikMenelik ►►SuchSuch aa measuremeasure hadhad toto allowallow ItalyItaly toto gaingain positionposition ofof strengthstrength toto exploitexploit inin negotiationsnegotiations withwith NegusNegus ►►MenelikMenelik summonedsummoned aa 100,000100,000--menmen--army,army, abrogatedabrogated treatytreaty ofof WuchaleWuchale andand wagedwaged warwar onon ItalyItaly AdwaAdwa ►►WorriedWorried aboutabout conductconduct ofof war,war, CrispiCrispi chosechose toto sendsend inin massivemassive additionaladditional troopstroops toto EritreaEritrea ►►11 MarchMarch 1896:1896: ItalianItalian brigadesbrigades scatteredscattered andand unliasedunliased,, thusthus givinggiving thethe NegusNegus’’ss armyarmy thethe chancechance toto challengechallenge themthem oneone byby one:one: 6,0006,000 menmen killedkilled,, 1,5001,500 woundedwounded,, andand 3,0003,000 prisonersprisoners DiplomaticDiplomatic isolationisolation andand thethe aftermathaftermath ►►AlliesAllies remindedreminded ItalyItaly thatthat thethe TripleTriple AllianceAlliance treatytreaty waswas notnot aa shoppingshopping societysociety toto satisfysatisfy ItalianItalian interestsinterests ►►FranceFrance andand RussiaRussia aidedaided EthiopiaEthiopia ►►BritainBritain neutralneutral ►►TotalTotal failurefailure ofof ItalianItalian policypolicy ofof powerpower AngloAnglo--RussianRussian rapprochementrapprochement ►► TurkishTurkish oppressionoppression onon ArmeniansArmenians ledled BritainBritain toto seekseek agreementagreement withwith RussiaRussia inin orderorder toto avoidavoid conflictconflict overover StraitsStraits AfterAfter CrispiCrispi ►► CrispiCrispi ’’ss resignationresignation ►► DiDi RudinRudinìì PrimePrime MinisterMinister ►► OctoberOctober 18961896 treatytreaty ofof peacepeace ofof AddisAddis Abeba:Abeba: NegusNegus recognisedrecognised ItalianItalian sovereigntysovereignty onon Eritrea,Eritrea, butbut ItalyItaly abrogatedabrogated treatytreaty ofof WuchaleWuchale andand gavegave upup anyany interferenceinterference withwith EthiopianEthiopian policypolicy ►► RelinquishmentRelinquishment ofof policypolicy ofof powerpower andand resumptionresumption ofof positionposition ofof balancebalance inin EuropeEurope throughthrough alliancesalliances GettingGetting awayaway fromfrom TripleTriple AllianceAlliance ► DespiteDespite 18971897 renewalrenewal ofof alliancealliance andand friendshipfriendship withwith BritainBritain,, itit waswas necessarynecessary toto establishestablish normalnormal tradingtrading relationsrelations

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