NSC 2018 - Round 02 - Tossups 1. A 1958 book on the "method of theory" of the "American" form of this discipline stated the authors' belief that this discipline is "anthropology or it is nothing." A 20th-century practitioner of this discipline adapted Robert Merton's idea of "middle range theories" to describe an approach to this discipline that involved ethnographic fieldwork among hunter-gatherer societies. Lewis Binford pioneered the "new," or (*) "processual," form of this discipline. The "Harris matrix" is a method of creating seriation diagrams in ​ this discipline that rely on the laws of "original horizontality," "stratigraphic succession," and "superposition." Sites such as Göbekli Tepe (go-BEK-lee TEH-pay) and Cahokia (kuh-HO-kee-uh) are examined by practitioners of, ​ ​ ​ ​ for 10 points, what academic discipline concerning the excavation of human-built sites? ANSWER: archaeology [accept ethnoarchaeology or processual archaeology or new archaeology or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ middle-range archaeology; accept forms of the word archaeology such as archaeological study; do not accept ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ or prompt on "paleontology" or similar answers] <Hart, Social Science - Other> 2. Residents of a locale created by this author include Elias, who fails exams to be a doctor and a sanitary inspector before eventually becoming a cart driver, and a poet who fails to write anything past the first line of his magnum opus and is named B. Wordsworth. In another novel by this author, Father Huismans collects African masks, and a man who worships the cult of the Black Madonna takes over an unnamed town. The shopkeeper Salim lives in a country led by the (*) Big Man in a novel by this man, who also wrote ​ Miguel Street and a novel whose title character, an eleven-fingered sign-painter, marries into the overbearing ​ Tulsi family. For 10 points, name this Indo-Trinidadian author of A Bend in the River and A House for ​ ​ ​ Mr. Biswas. ​ ANSWER: V. S. Naipaul [or Vidiadhar Surajprasad "Vidia" Naipaul] ​ ​ ​ ​ <Cheng, Literature - World> 3. This man lends his name to a type of tree that legendarily won't bloom until kicked by a young woman. The "black" legends about this monarch hold that he killed 99 of his siblings. After his death, his throne was disputed by his sons Jaluka, Tivara, and Kunala. He may have abolished the death penalty and founded some 84,000 religious institutions. He convened a religious council at Pataliputra, and his son Mahendra brought a (*) bodhi branch with him on a religious mission to Sri Lanka. Some monuments created ​ by this man were inscribed in Brahmi, others were inscribed in Greek. His namesake Lion Capital now appears on a flag. This grandson of Chandragupta erected rock edicts following a conversion in Kalinga. For 10 points, name this Mauryan emperor who became a Buddhist. ANSWER: Ashoka [or Asoka; or Ashoka the Great] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ <Bentley, History - World> NSC 2018 - Round 02 - Page 1 of 13 4. Von Weizsäcker (VYTE-secker) developed a functional to describe this quantity that is commonly used in ​ ​ ​ Thomas–Fermi DFT. This quantity is transferred from large-scale to small-scale eddies in a Kolmogorov (kull-ma-GOR-uff) cascade. In time-of-flight mass spectrometry, all ions with the same charge will also have ​ the same value of this quantity. By measuring this quantity for an emitted photoelectron, one can calculate the work function of a metal. This quantity equals "gamma minus one times (*) m c-squared" in ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ special relativity, and "p-squared divided by 2m" in Newtonian mechanics. This quantity is conserved in elastic ​ ​ ​ ​ collisions but not inelastic collisions. For 10 points, name this quantity which equals one-half times mass times velocity squared and represents the energy of motion. ANSWER: kinetic energy [prompt on K or T; prompt on energy] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ <Mukherjee, Science - Physics> 5. This event begins in Cologne on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, and in medieval times, it saw a ceremonial transfer of power to women. Popes Leo X and Clement VII both banned the practice of throwing rotten oranges at Jews who were forced to run naked through Rome during this event. Fastnachtsspiel (FOSST-nokt-shpeel) plays were staged in Germany during this event. In France, this ​ ​ ​ event typically began on Quinquagesima Sunday, while Bavarians start celebrating it after the (*) Feast of ​ the Epiphany. In many regions, this event is most commonly celebrated on Shrove Tuesday. The name of this festival may come from the Latin phrase "the pleasure of meat," as meat is forbidden in the season that follows it. For 10 points, name this merry Catholic festival that takes place prior to Lent. ANSWER: carnival [accept Fasching until "Fastnachtsspiel" is read; anti-prompt on Shrove Tuesday or Mardi ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gras by asking "can you be less specific?"] ​ <Bentley, RMP - Bible/Christianity> 6. This man developed a limp while participating in an invasion of Azamor in Morocco, and he defected from his country due to lack of royal compensation. Thirty members of this man’s crew were killed when they were ambushed at a banquet hosted by Humabon. The House of Trade sponsored a voyage by this man to find the Spice Islands that was chronicled by Antonio Pigafetta. This European's forces were defeated by chief Lapu-Lapu. 27 of his men died of (*) scurvy before reaching the islands of Rota and Guam. ​ This captain of the Trinidad died in the Philippines from a poisoned arrow to the leg. He led ships from the ​ ​ Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans through a body of water now named for him. For 10 points, name this man who died leading the first circumnavigation of the earth. ANSWER: Ferdinand Magellan [or Fernão de Magalhães; or Hernando de Magallanes] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ <Bentley, History - European> 7. A play that won the Pulitzer Prize at the beginning of this decade depicts the reunion of the Magrath Sisters after Babe shot her husband; that play is Beth Henley's Crimes of the Heart. A play set during this ​ ​ decade is the subject of Isaac Butler's and Dan Kois's "oral history" The World Only Spins Forward. In ​ ​ that play set during this decade, characters named Oceania, Asiatica, Europa, and Antarctica meet in the Council Room of the Continental (*) Principalities. That play set during this decade is divided into the two ​ parts "Millennium Approaches" and "Perestroika," and opens with the revelation that Prior Walter has an incurable disease. For 10 points, name this decade that provides the setting for Tony Kushner's Angels in ​ America, which focuses on the AIDS epidemic. ​ ANSWER: 1980s ​ ​ <Jose, Literature - American> NSC 2018 - Round 02 - Page 2 of 13 8. A piece in this genre slowly introduces the theme (read slowly and pause briefly at commas) "E, E E E, F, E, ​ ​ C, E" for 4 bars before it is played in triads under long falling chromatic scales. It's not a lied (leed), but a ​ ​ galloping horse reaches exhaustion in the slower "Animato" section of one of these pieces based on a Victor Hugo poem, which opens with a descent of broad, rolled diminished 7th chords before a cadenza. In one of these pieces, the right hand plays rapid triplets in G-flat major (*) pentatonic. "La Campanella" is ​ the third "Grand Paganini" piece in this genre by Franz Liszt (list), who composed "Mazeppa" in a set of ​ ​ "Transcendental" pieces in this genre. Frédéric Chopin (sho-PAN) performed ones nicknamed "Black Key" and ​ ​ "Revolutionary." For 10 points, name these pieces written to train musicians. ANSWER: etudes [or piano etudes; accept Chopin's etudes or Liszt's etudes; accept Transcendental Etudes or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Études d'exécution transcendante or Grand Paganini Etudes or Grandes études de Paganini; prompt on ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ study or studies] ​ ​ ​ <Bollinger, Arts - Music> 9. It's not electrophoresis (electro-for-EE-siss), but running this technique, removing the solvent, rotating the ​ ​ system 90 degrees, and adding a new solvent is this technique's two-dimensional form. A polyhistidine (poly-HISS-tid-een) tag and nickel, or GST and glutathione (gloot-uh-THIGH-own), are common methods of ​ ​ ​ immobilizing biomolecules in the "affinity" version of this technique. Salt concentration is tightly controlled in the ion-exchange form of this technique, and broadening in it is described by the (*) van ​ Deemter equation. A column full of gel is used in this technique’s gel permeation type, while the HPLC (H-P-L-C) type performs it at high pressure. Every technique of this kind has a stationary and a mobile phase. For ​ 10 points, identify this technique that separates mixtures, such as ink on wet paper. ANSWER: two-dimensional chromatography [or affinity chromatography; or ion-exchange ​ ​ ​ ​ chromatography; or gel permeation chromatography; or high-pressure liquid chromatography; prompt on ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ IEC, GPC, or HPLC] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ <Prieto, Science - Chemistry> 10. Kreiner showed the negative effects of this type of policy when Danish citizens turn 18. A 2016 law applies this type of policy only to Britons older than 25. Some 300,000 Albertans are slated to benefit from a change in this policy that mirrors one passed in 2014 by now-disgraced mayor Ed Murray. Researchers at Berkeley and the University of Washington put out rival studies in 2017 about whether this type of policy reduced available (*) hours. SMIC (S-M-I-C), a French policy of this type, is adjusted each ​ ​ ​ January based on factors such as the consumer price index. A "ten ten" policy of this type in the US would bring 900,000 people out of poverty, while one in Seattle may be negatively affecting restaurant jobs. For 10 points, name this policy that sets the lowest amount of money that a worker can legally be paid. ANSWER: minimum wage [or National Living Wage; or changing the minimum wage; or raising the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ minimum wage; or 15-dollar minimum wage; do NOT accept things such as "universal basic income"; prompt ​ ​ ​ on wage] ​ ​ <Bentley, Current Events - Foreign> NSC 2018 - Round 02 - Page 3 of 13 11.