Riin Alatalu

Riin Alatalu

Dissertationes Academiae Artium Estoniae 10 Riin Alatalu Muinsuskaitse siirdeühiskonnas 1986–2002: rahvuslikust südametunnistusest Eesti NSV-s omaniku ahistajaks Eesti Vabariigis Heritage Protection in Transitional Society 1986-2002: From Nation’s Conscience in the Estonian SSR into the Harasser of Private Owner in the Republic of Estonia Doktoritöö Kunstikultuuri teaduskond Muinsuskaitse ja restaureerimise osakond 2012 Riin Alatalu Muinsuskaitse siirdeühiskonnas 1986–2002: rahvuslikust südametunnistusest Eesti NSV-s omaniku ahistajaks Eesti Vabariigis Heritage in Transitional Society 1986-2002: From Nation’s Conscience in the Estonian SSR into the Harasser of Private Owner in the Republic of Estonia Doktoritöö / Doctoral thesis Juhendaja / Supervisor prof Mart Kalm Eelretsensendid / External Reviewers prof Jaak Valge, dr Tamás Fejérdy Oponent / Opponent dr Tamás Fejérdy Avalik kaitsmine / Public defence 14.12.2012 Translation editor Marve Lilleleht Kujundus / Design by Andres Tali Kaanel / Cover Vabrik “Rauaniit”, arhitekt Eugen Habermann 1932, mälestis nr 8200. Foto Andres Tali Käesoleva teose avaldamist on toetanud Eesti Kultuurkapital © Riin Alatalu, 2012 ISBN 978-9949-467-29-7 ISSN 1736-2261 Trükikoda / Printed by Pakett AS SISUKORD Saateks ................................................................9 Sissejuhatus .......................................................... 11 Eesmärk ja uurimisülesanne ........................................... 11 Historiograa!a ja allikad ............................................... 14 Käsitletava ajastu ja teema eripärast ..................................... 25 Kasutatud metoodika ................................................. 31 Ülesehitus ........................................................... 36 1 Seaduse ja ametkondade roll muinsuskaitse ideoloogia kujundajana . 39 1.1 Õigusruum ....................................................... 39 1.1.1 Muinsuskaitseseaduse eelkäijad ................................... 41 1.1.2 Eesti Vabariigi muinsuskaitseseaduse ettevalmistamine . 44 1.2 Ametid ja inimesed ................................................ 50 1.2.1 Nõukogude periood ............................................. 50 Arhitektuurimälestiste kaitse korraldus ............................... 51 Ajaloo- ja arheoloogiamälestiste kaitse korraldus ...................... 52 Kunstimälestiste kaitse korraldus .................................... 53 Tallinna ja Tartu mälestiste kaitse korraldus ........................... 54 Töötajad ......................................................... 54 1.2.2 Süsteemi reorganiseerimine ...................................... 56 1.2.3 Muinsuskaitseameti moodustamine ................................ 57 Struktuur ......................................................... 59 Riik, Tallinn ja teised omavalitsused ................................. 60 1.2.4 Ekspertorganisatsioonid .......................................... 63 1.2.5 Arhiivid ja raamatukogud. 65 1.3 Kaitse korraldus .................................................. 66 1.3.1 Mälestiste nimekirjad ja kategooriad ............................... 66 1.3.2 Haldussuutlikkus ................................................ 70 1.3.3 Eraomand . 77 1.3.4 Muinsuskaitse eelarve Nõukogude Eestis ........................... 79 1.3.5 Muinsuskaitse eelarve Eesti Vabariigis ............................. 82 1.4 Üldistusi ......................................................... 86 5 2 Eesti ja rahvusvaheline muinsuskaitse ................................. 91 2.1 Balti Muinsuskaitse Komitee ....................................... 94 2.2 UNESCO maailmapärandikonventsioon ja -nimekiri . 95 2.3 ICOMOS Eestis .................................................. 97 2.4 Eesti DOCOMOMO Grupp ....................................... 102 2.5 ICCROM ....................................................... 104 2.6 Üldistusi ........................................................ 105 3 Mälestised riigi ja kodanike vahel. Pärandi de!neerimine ja hierarhia . 108 3.1 Talu- ja külaarhitektuur ........................................... 111 3.2 Mõisad ......................................................... 114 3.3 Kirikud ......................................................... 117 3.4 Tallinna vanalinn ................................................. 120 3.5 Teised Eesti vanalinnad .......................................... 122 3.6 Ajaloolised eeslinnad ............................................. 126 3.7 Eesti Vabariigi arhitektuur 1918–1940 .............................. 129 3.8 Nõukogudeaegne arhitektuur ...................................... 130 3.9 Mälestussambad ja kalmistud ...................................... 131 3.10 Üldistusi ...................................................... 133 4 Vabakond ja muinsusteadlikkus ...................................... 137 4.1 Kodanikualgatus hirmuühiskonnas ................................. 138 4.1.1 Laulu- ja tantsuharrastus ........................................ 139 4.1.2 Looduskaitse .................................................. 140 4.1.3 Kodu-uurimine ................................................ 140 4.1.4 Kultuuripärand ................................................ 141 4.1.5 Fondid ........................................................ 143 4.1.6 Ametkondlikud ühingud ........................................ 144 4.2 Eesti Muinsuskaitse Selts ......................................... 146 4.3 Üldistusi ........................................................ 154 5 Muinsuskaitse ja kaasaegne arhitektuur ............................... 156 5.1 Arhitektuur, arhitektid ja piirangud ................................ 158 5.2 Muinsuskaitse ja arhitektid Tallinna vanalinnas ...................... 160 5.2.1 Uusehitused vanalinnas ......................................... 161 5.2.2 Tühjad krundid vanalinnas ...................................... 168 5.2.3 Bastionaalvöönd ............................................... 170 5.3 Üldistusi ........................................................ 173 6 Kokkuvõte ........................................................ 176 6 Summary. Heritage Protection in Transitional Society 1986-2002: From Nation’s Conscience in Estonian SSR into the Harasser of Private Owner in the Republic of Estonia ................................ 183 Structure of the Research ............................................. 189 1 Legislation and Institutions as a Basis for the Ideology of Heritage Protection . .191 1.1 Legislative Background of the Conservation Act ..................... 191 1.1.2 Preparation of the Conservation Act of the Republic of Estonia . 192 1.2 Organisation and Sta" ............................................ 193 1.2.1 #e Soviet Period .............................................. 193 Architectural Monuments ......................................... 194 Historical and Archaeological Monuments ........................... 194 Movable Monuments ............................................. 194 Tallinn and Tartu ................................................. 195 Sta" ............................................................ 195 1.2.2 Reorganisation of the Institution ................................. 195 1.2.3 Formation of the National Heritage Board ......................... 196 #e Structure of NHB ............................................. 197 #e State, Tallinn and Other Municipalities .......................... 197 1.2.4 Expert Organisations ........................................... 198 1.3 Administration Policy ............................................ 199 1.3.1 Lists and Gradation of Monuments ............................... 199 1.3.2 Administrative Capability ....................................... 200 1.3.3 Private Property ............................................... 204 1.3.4 Budget of Heritage Protection in the Soviet Estonia . 204 1.3.5 Budget of Heritage Protection in the Republic of Estonia . 205 1.4 Summary ....................................................... 207 2 Estonia and International Heritage Protection ......................... 211 2.1 Baltic Heritage Committee ........................................ 212 2.2 UNESCO World Heritage Convention and World Heritage List . 213 2.3 ICOMOS Estonia ................................................ 214 2.4 DOCOMOMO Group of Estonia ................................... 215 2.5 ICCROM ....................................................... 216 2.6 Summary ....................................................... 217 3 Legacy, Nation and Citizens. #e De!nition and Categorization of Heritage. 219 3.1 Rural Architecture ............................................... 221 3.2 Manors ......................................................... 222 3.3 Churches ....................................................... 224 3.4 Tallinn Old Town ................................................ 225 7 3.5 Other Estonian Old Towns ........................................ 226 3.6 Historical Suburbs ............................................... 227 3.7 Architecture of the Republic of Estonia in 1918–1940 . 228 3.8 Architecture of the Soviet Period .................................. 229 3.9 Memorials and Cemeteries ........................................ 229 3.10 Summary ...................................................... 230 4 Civil Society and Heritage Awareness ................................ 233 4.1 Civil Initiative in a Society of Fear .................................. 234 4.1.1 Singing and Dancing Tradition ................................... 234

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