The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report 1947 MAY 12 1958 49 West 49th Street, New York 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRINlliD IN THK UN1TLU STATUS OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS FOREWORD XI PRESIDENT'S REVIEW i REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 49 THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 55 THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 9! THE NATURAL SCIENCES 13! THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 177 THE HUMANITIES 221 OTHER APPROPRIATIONS 263 REPORT OF THE TREASURER 275 INDEX 35.1 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation ILLUSTRATIONS Page Capture and laboratory study oj 'forest mosquitoes, Colombia 65 Tank for -preparation and distribution of DDT solution 66 Netherlands antimalaria team filling shoulder sprayers with DDT solution 66 Occupational therapy shop, Washington University Medical Center /// National Institute of Cardiology, Mexico, D. F. Research in genetics, Georgia State College for Women 118 Institute of Hygiene and Social Medicine, University of Brussels 118 Agglutination test at California Institute of Technology in con- nection with immunogenetic investigations 755 Research in cell physiology, University of Cambridge 155 Study of marine animal pigments, Scripps Institution of Oceanography 156 Laboratory for spectographic analyses and X-ray photography, University of Stockholm 156 A study at the National Bureau of Economic Research 193 Housing Research Committee, Social Science Research Council J§# Consulting Chinese texts, University of Washington 253 Exhibit of books published by university presses 253 Eastern European studies at Indiana University 254. Books and journals for a European library 254 VII 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Trustees, Committees and Officers 1947 TRUSTEES WINTHROP W. ALDRICH ROBBRT F. LOBB, M.D. > CHESTEH I. BARNARD JOHN J. McCtov KARL T. COMPTON HENRY ALLEN MOE JOHN S. DICKEY > WILLIAM I. MYERS HAROLD W. DODDS THOMAS PARRAN LEWIS W. DOUGLASS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER* JOHN FOSTER DULLES ROBERT G. SPROUL RAYMOND B. FOSDICK • WALTER W. STEWART DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN ARTHUR HAYS SULZBBRGER HERBERT S. GASSER, M.D. HAROLD H. SWIFT WALTER S. GIFFORD HENRY P. VAN DUSEN » EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT. Chairman CHESTER I. BARNARD ROBERT F. LOEB, M.D. JOHN S. DICKEY l HENRY ALLEN MOE JOHN FOSTER DULLES > JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD HER BERT S. GASSER, M .D.» WALTER W. STEWART FINANCE COMMITTEE WINTHROP W. ALDRICH. Chairman CHESTER J. BARNARD WALTER S. GIFFORD INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS CHARLES H. BEST, M.D. GORDON M. FAIR EUGENE L, BISHOP, M.D. HUGH J. MORGAN. M.D. ROU.A E. DYER, M.D. LOWELL J. REEH THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees WALTER W. STEWART President RAY^soND B. FOSDICK Viee-Presidftit THOMAS B. APPUEGET Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE J. BEAI. Counsel THOMAS M. DEBEVOISG Associate Countel CHAUNCEY BELKNAP VANDERDILT WEBB nitfttor, International Health Division K. STRODE. M.D. Dirfftorfor the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M.D. Director for the Natural Sciences WAKRISN WEAVER Direetor for the Social Sciences JOSEPH H. WILLITS Diretlor for the Humanities DAVID H. STEVENS 1 Appointed April 2, 1947. 4 Resigned April 2, 1947. 'Term expired April 2, 1947. viii 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Trustees, Committees and Officers 1948 TRUSTEES WINTHROP W. ALDRICH ROBERT F/ LOEJB CHESTER J. BARNARD JOHN J. McCi-ov KARL T. COMPTON HENRY ALLEN MOE JOHNS. DICKEY WILLIAM I. MYERS HAROLD W. DODDS THOMAS PARRAN JOHN FOSTER DULLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JRD RAYMOND B. FOSDICK ROBERT G. SPROUL DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN WALTER W. STEWART HERBERT S. GASSER, M.D. ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER WALTER S. GIFFORD HAROLD H. SWIFT HENRY P. VAN DUSEN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, Chairman CHESTER I. BARNARD ROBERT F. LOEB JOHN S. DICKEY HENRY ALLEN MOE JOHN FOSTER DULLES » JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD RAYMOND B. FOSDICK WALTER W. STEWART FINANCE COMMITTEE WINTHROP W. ALDRICH, Chairman CHESTER I. BARNARD3 WALTER S. GIFFORD JOHN J. MCCLOY ' INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOXS CHARLES H. BEST, M.D. WILTON L. H,u.vERbON, M.D. EUGENE L, BISHOP, M.D. KENNETH F. MAXCY, M.D. ROLLA E. DYER, M.D. HUGH J. MORGAN, M.D. THE DIRECTOR OK THE DIVISION OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees WALTER W. STEWART President RAYMOND B. FOSDICK > Presidentelect CHESTER I. BARNARD * Vice-President THOMAS B. APPLEGEI Secretary FLORA M. RHIND Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE J. BUAL Counsel THOMAS M. DKBEVOISC Associate Counsel C'llAUNCEY BliLKNAP VANDERDILT WEBB Director, International Health Di GEORGE K. SIKODK, M.D. Director for tltr Medical Sttenm ALAN GREGG, M.D. Dtrcstor for the Natural Scicnics WAKKEN WEAVEK Uircctor for the Social i JObEI'H H. WlLLlTS Dititlor far the DAVID II, 1 Elected April 6, 1948. 1 Term expired April 6, 1948. 1 Until June jo, 1948 (retirement). 4 To assume office July i, 1948. ix 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation To the Trustees of The Rockefeller Foundation GENTLEMEN : I have the honor to transmit herewith a general review of the work of The Rockefeller Foundation for the period January i, 1947, to December 31, 1947, together with detailed reports of the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Foundation, the Director of the Inter- national Health Division, and the Directors of the Medical Sciences, the Natural Sciences, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities. Respectfully yours, RAYMOND B. FOSDICK President 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW FOR 1947 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENTS REVIEW THE YEAR IN BRIEF 5 CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE 6 THE IMMEDIATE TASK AND THE ULTIMATE GOAL 11 EUROPEAN LABORATORIES AND ISOLATION 14 THE PROBLEM OF GERMANY 18 MEDICINE IN CHINA 22 THE WIDENING HORIZONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH 25 THE EDUCATION OF NURSES 27 THE CROSS-BREEDING OF BIOLOGY 31 THE UNITY OF SCIENCE 34 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 36 APPROACHES TO PEACE 39 THE HUMANITIES IN SPACE 41 THE HUMANITIES IN TIME 45 APPLICATIONS DECLINED 46 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENTS REVIEW THE YEAR IN BRIEF DURING 1947 the appropriations of The Rocke- feller Foundation amounted to $23,413,615. This figure, exceeding by nearly $4,000,000 the figure of 1946, represents the largest annual amount appropriated in the 35 years of Foundation history. Included in the 1947 total is a single grant of $ 10,000,000 to the China Medical Board, Inc., for the support of the Peiping Union Medical College. The income of the Foundation from investments during 1947 was $10,- 011,756. This income was supplemented by a balance of $221,431 remaining from the previous year, by lapses and refunds from previous years amounting to $876,448 and by a transfer from the Principal Fund of $20,000,000. The Charter authorizes the Trustees to "expend the income and principal of the funds of the Corporation in such manner as in the judgment of the Trustees will best promote its objects." In accordance with this pro- vision the Trustees, since 1913, have appropriated a total of $295,896,340 from income and, in addition, a total of $118,010,728 from capital. The transfer in 1947 of $20,000,000 from the Principal Fund, although only part was appropriated, is the Foundation's largest allocation of capital in any one year. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 6 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION The highest book value of the Principal Fund was $171,204,624 in 1921. As of December 31, 1947, the book value of the Principal Fund was $118,071,816; the market value, $i 98,229,909. The appropriations for 1947 were distributed for the most part in seven major categories, roughly as follows: Public Health ' $2,250,000 Medical Sciences 1,500,000 Natural Sciences 1,700,000 Social Sciences 3,000,000 Humanities 1,500,000 General Education Board 1,500,000 China Medical Board, Inc. 10,000,000 A detailed statement of the appropriations made in 1947 appears at the conclusion of this report, beginning on page 275. Of the money appropriated during the year, including the grants of $i,500,000 to the General Education Board for its program in this country and of $10,000,000 to the China Medical Board, Inc., for its program in the Far East, 39 per cent was for work in the United States and 61 per cent for work in other countries. CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE All centuries are dangerous, said Professor White- head; and he added: "It is the business of the future to be dangerous." This was written in 1925, and certainly there can be no question of the accuracy of the prognosis as it applies to our generation. The challenge of today's crisis is the most commanding which Western society has ever faced. We have always known that knowledge was a perilous possession, because it could equally well work in the wrong direction; but the knowledge that has been placed in the hands of this age is so supremely © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW capable of misuse — and misuse could so easily reduce the hopes and monuments of men to drifting dust — that the impact of the challenge finds us confused, uncertain and fearful. Like all frightened people everywhere and in all ages, our first reaction is physical force, and our instinctive faith is given to military power. Let us grant at once that in this unprecedented crisis a measure of physical force is essential. We do not live in a Utopia, and it would be suicidal to act as if we did. Equally suicidal, however, is the assumption that the crisis can be met solely on the level of force, or that mechanisms, power and dollars constitute the essential elements of the solution. The present is one of the supreme moments of chal- lenge, in which, as Toynbee says, the character of our response determines the chances of survival.