Notes and References 1 Scope and Definitions !. 'At sea it is force, not reason, that confers sovereign rights.' Quoted inJean Randier,1A Royale (Paris: Editions de la Cite, 1978), p. 36. 2. Admiral G. A. Ballard, Rulers ifthe Indian Ocean (London: Duckworth, 1927), pp.42-3. 3. Femand Braude!, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age if Philip 11 (London: Collins, 1972), pp. 103-8. 4. Garrett Mattingly, The Diftat if the Spanish Armada (London: Jonathan Cape, 1959), p. 184. 5. Samuel Pepys to Captain Killigrew, letter of 3 September 1688, quoted in Arthur Bryant, Samuel Pepys - The Saviour if the Navy (London: Collins, 1949), p.267. 6. Bryant, op. cit., p. 276. 7. Charles Oman, England bifOre the Norman Conquest (London: Methuen, 1910), p. 65!. 8. Sir Charles Petrie, Don John OJ Austria (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1967), pp.255-6. 9. Admiral Sandy Woodward, One Hundred Days (London: Harper Collins, 1992). 10. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Leach, quoted in Martin Middlebrook, Task Force: The Falklands War 1982 (London: Penguin, rev. edn, 1987), p. 67. II. Quoted in Martin Middlebrook, The Fightfor the Malvinas: The Argentine Forces in the Falklands War (London: Viking, 1989), p. 3. 12. Lawrence Freedman and Virginia Gamba-Stonehouse, Signals if War: The Falklands Conflict if 1982 (London: Faber & Faber, 1990), p. 81. 13. Secretary of State for Defence, The United Kingdom Dqence Programme: The Way Forward, Cmnd 8288 (London: HMSO). 14. As some confusion has arisen among British writers about the name of this operation, it is worth quoting the authoritative account of ContraAlmirante 1M Carlos Busser, who commanded the Disembarkation Force on 2 April 1982. He states quite clearly: 'This operation of repossession, in which the Disembarkation Force was engaged, is what was called Operation Rosario'. In the 'Comentario General' he contributed as chapter I of the book Operacion Rosario (Buenos Aires: Editorial Atlantida, 1984), compiled by members of the disembarkation force, the Rear Admiral never mentions the code-name Azul cited by Freedman and Middlebrook, but the book includes a colour photograph of the Virgen del Rosario, to whom the operation was dedi­ cated. 15. Freedman and Gamba-Stonehouse, Signals if War, op. cit., p. 168. 16. Ibid., p. 176. 17. Ibid., pp. 190-2, and Nicholas Henderson, Mandarin (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1994), pp. 443-4. 175 176 Notes and Riferences 18. Woodward, One Hundred Days, op. cit., pp. 330-4. 19. General Mario Benjamin Menendez, Malvinas: Testimonio de su Gobemador (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1983), pp. 305-13. 20. Freedman and Gamba-Stonehouse, Signals if War, op. cit., pp. 413-14. 2 The Pre-Naval Era I. Translation of Anglo-Saxon poem circa 970-90 AD from the Exeter Book. Quoted in Magnus Magnusson, Vikings (London: Bodley Head, 1980), p. 23. See also Ida L. Gordon (ed.), The Seaforer (London: Methuen, 1960). 2. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Irifluence if Sea Power Upon History 1600--1783 (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1940). 3. Ibid., p. 88. 4. Barry S. Strauss, in Colin S. Gray and Roger W. Barnett (eds), Seapower and Strategy (London: Tri-Service Press, 1989), p. 77. 5. C. Vatin, Citoyens et Non-citoyens dans Ie Monde Grec (Paris: Societe d' Editions d'Enseignement Superieur, 1984), p. 42. 6. Robert Goldston, The Sword if the Prophet (New York: The Dial Press, 1979), passim. 7. Bernard F. Reilly, The Contest if Christian and Muslim Spain 1031-1157 (Cam­ bridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992), p. 176. 8. Ibid., p. 212. 3 Explorers and Freebooters 1. Both quoted in C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825 (London: Hutchinson, 1969), p. I. 2. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. IV Part 3 (Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 519. 3. Hok-Lam Chan, Chapter 4 in Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett (eds), Cambridge History qf China (Cambridge University Press, 1988). 4. John D. Langlois, Chapter 3 in Cambridge History if China, op. cit., pp. 168-9. 5. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, op. cit., passim. 6. Needham, Science and Civilisation, op. cit., p. 495. 7. Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius, Foundations if the Portuguese Empire 1415-1580 (University of Minnesota Press, 1977), pp. 185-7. 8. G. V. Scammell, The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires c. 800--1650 (London: Methuen, 1981), pp. 272,505. 9. J. H. Parry, The Age if Reconnaissance (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1963), pp.41-3. 10. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, op. cit., pp. 19-23. 11. Diffie and Winius, Foundations, op. cit., p. 77. 12. Admiral G. Ballard, Rulers qf the Indian Ocean (London: Duckworth, 1927), pp.45-9. 13. The term, 'frightfulness', a translation of the original Schrecklichkeit, was coined to describe the German policy of cowing into submission the civilian population of Belgium during the war of 1914--18. Notes and Rf!ftrences 177 14. Peter Padfield, Tide of Empires VA!. I 1481-1654 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), p. 47. 15. Diffie and Winius, Foundations, op. cit., p. 240. 16. Carlo M. Cipolla, Guns and Sails in the EarlY Phase of European Expansion 140()--1700 (London: Collins, 1965), p. 138. 17. George Mode!ski and William R. Thompson, Seapower in Global Politics 1494-1993 (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 114-15. 18. Ballard, Rulers, op. cit., p. 168. 19. Kenneth R. Andrews, The Spanish Caribbean: Trade and Plunder 153()--1630 (Yale University Press, 1978), pp. 65-8. 20. Kenneth R. Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 118. 21. Ibid., p. 244. 22. Jean Randier, La Royale (Paris, Editions de la Cite, 1978), pp. 27-8. 23. Fernand Braude!, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (London: Collins, 1972), p. 841. 4 The Early Naval Wars 1. Quoted in G. V. Scammell, The World Encompassed: The First European Mari­ time Empires c. 80()--1650 (London: Methuen, 1981), p. 431. 2. The representative in the Indies of the Dutch East India Company writing to his directors in 1614. Quoted in C. R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire I60()--1800 (London: Hutchinson, 1972), p. 96. 3. Clarence Norwood Weems (ed.), Hulbert's History of Korea (London: Routle­ dge & Kegan Paul, 1962), p. 350; S. R. Turnbull, The Samurai: A Military History (London: Osprey, 1977), pp. 216-19. 4. Fernand Braude!, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (London: Collins, 1972), p. 841. 5. Peter Padfield, Tide of Empires Vol I 1481-1654 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), p. 81. 6. Braude!, The Mediterranean, op. cit., pp. 865-91. 7. David Loades, 'From the King's Ships to the Royal Navy 1500-1642', in J. R. Hill (ed.), The Oiford Illustrated History of the RDyal Navy (Oxford Uni­ versity Press, 1995), p. 52. 8. D. B. Quinn and A. N. Ryan, England's Sea Empire 155()--1642 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983), p. 59. 9. James Pope-Hennessy, Sins of the Fathers (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), pp. 44-53; Loades, 'From the King's Ships', op. cit., p. 41. 10. John Sugden, Sir Francis Drake (London: Barrie &Jenkins, 1990), pp. 32-7. II. Kenneth R. Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement (Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 112-34. 12. Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada (London: Jonathan Cape, 1959), p. 43. 13. Andrews, Trade, op. cit., p. 244. 14. All population figures for this period are estimates. See Massimo Livi-Bacci tr. Carl Ipsen, A Concise History of World Population (Cambridge, Mass.: Black­ well, 1992), p. 69. 178 Notes and Riferences 15. Pieter Geyl, The Revolt if the Netherlands (London: Ernest Benn, 1958), pp. 215-16. 16. Ibid., pp. 236-7. 17. K. M. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953), p. 57. 18. E. S. van Eyck van Heslinga, 'A Competitive Ally', in G.]. A. Raven and N. A. M. Rogers, Navies and Armies (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1990), p. 7. 19. George Modelski and William R. Thompson, Seapower in Global Politics 1494-1993 (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 64-7. 20. Arthur Bryant, Samuel Pepys: The Man in the Making (London: The Reprint Society, 1952), p. 109. 21. Livi-Bacci, A Concise History, op. cit., p. 69. 22. Geyl, The Revolt, op. cit., p. 234. 23. Sir William Temple, Observations Upon the United Provinces if the Netherlands, ed. Sir George Clark (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972) (first edition 1673), p. 117. 24. Padfield, Tide if Empires, op. cit., pp. 166-7. 25. Geyl, The Revolt, op. cit., p. 236. 26. Padfield, Tide if Empires, op. cit., p. 180. 27. ]. R. Powell, The Navy in the English Civil War (London: Archon Books, 1962), passim. 28. ]. D. Davies, 'A Permanent National Maritime Fighting Force 1642-1689' in]. R. Hill, The Oiford Illustrated History, op. cit., pp. 72-3. 29. Arthur Bryant, Samuel Pepys - The Man in the Making (London: The Reprint Society, 1952), p. 340. 30. Edward B. Powley, The English Navy in the Revolution if 1688 (Cambridge University Press, 1928), p. 41 and passim. 31. Lord Macaulay, History if England vol I I (London: Heron Books, 1848-61), p. 197. 32. Ibid., pp. 579-83. See also Edward B. Powley, The Naval Side if King WIlliam's War (London: John Baker, 1972) for a more detailed account. 33. Geoffrey Symcox, The Crisis if French Sea Power 1688-1697 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974), pp. 96-101. 5 The High Noon of Naval Force: 1690-1815 I. Lord Macaulay (l80G--59), a great British historian. 2. ]. S. Bromley, 'The French Privateering War 1702-13', in H. E. Bell and R. OUard (eds), Historical Essqys 160(}-1750 (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1963), pp.