Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie Begründet von Erich Ebeling und Bruno Meissner fortgeführt von Ernst Weidner und Wolfram von Soden und Dietz Otto Edzard herausgegeben von Michael P. Streck unter Mitwirkung von G. Frantz-Szabo´, M. Krebernik, D. Morandi Bonacossi, J. N. Postgate, U. Seidl, M. Stol und G. Wilhelm Redaktion: Theresa Blaschke, Armando Bramanti, Josephine Fechner, Mandy Greiner, Sabine Heigl, Nathan Morello und Stefan Odzuck Fünfzehnter Band Waschung. A Ϫ Zypresse Ausgewählte Nachträge, Index De Gruyter 2016Ϫ2018 380 HAMMURAPI im ganzen Reichsgebiet oder H˚ .-Tore oder Mersin, G9−23 May G997 (= AnSt. 49), 55−60. − Durand J.-M. 2003: nuldaˆnum = « Führer ou einfache Stelen errichtet; dieselben Bau- Duce », NABU 2003/76. − Fales F. M. 2003: werke werden mitunter auch anderen loka- Evidence for West-East contacts in the 8th cen- len Gottheiten gewidmet. In der Peripherie tury BC: the Buka¯n stele, in: G. B. Lanfranchi/ des Reiches kann in ein und demselben M. Roaf/R. Rollinger (ed.), Continuity of empire 5 G3G− ˚ (?): Assyria, Media, Persia (= HANEM ), Text H. und anderen regionalen Götter G47. − Freydank H./Saporetti C. G979: gehuldigt werden. H˚ . werden von fast allen Nuove attestazioni dell’onomastica medio-assira urart. Königen bronzene Prunkwaffen (= Incunabula Graeca 74). − Fuchs A. G994: (Schilde, Helme, Köcher, Pfeile usw.), sowie Sg. − Lemaire A. G998: Une inscription ara- me´enne du VIIIe sie`cle av. J.-C. trouve´ea` andere Metallobjekte aus der königl. Schatz- 27 G5−30 − 4 Bukaˆn (Azerbaı¨djan iranien), StIr. , . kammer (CTU B passim) gewidmet. Piotrovskij B. B. G966: Il regno di Van: Urartu [Russ. Vanskoe Carstvo (Urartu), G959]. − § 4. Ikonographie. Man hat lange Zeit Salvini M. G982: Bemerkungen über die Thron- folge in Urartu, in: H. Klengel (ed.), Gesellschaft versucht, die wichtigsten urart. Götter mit und Kultur im alten Vorderasien (= SGKAO G5), auf Tieren stehenden Gestalten zu identifi- 2G9−227; id. G99G: Una nuova iscrizione urartea, zieren, wobei H˚ . die Figur auf einem Lö- OrNS 60, 344−346. − Saporetti C. G970: Ono- wen sein sollte (Piotrovskij G959), ohne mastica medio-assira (= StPohl 6). − Seidl U. 2004 − dass dies jedoch allg. Zustimmung erfahren : Bronzekunst Urartus. Teixidor J. G997−G998: La ste`le de Boukan, Annuaire du hat. Die Bildlosigkeit des H˚ . ist dagegen Colle`ge de France, 732−734. − Zimansky P. von Calmeyer (G974) mit Nachdruck ver- 20G2: Imagining Haldi, in: H. Baker/K. Kaniuth/ treten worden. Die Darstellung auf einem A. Otto (ed.), Stories of long ago: Festschrift für 397 7G4−723 Bronzeschild aus Yukarı Anzaf (Belli G999) Michael D. Roaf (= AOAT ), . hat nun Klarheit gebracht, denn auf dem M. Salvini Rand des beschrifteten Schildes (CTU 4, 23 [B 3-G]) sind eine Reihe von hintereinander nach rechts schreitenden Göttergestalten Hammurapi. Fifth king of the First Dyn. abgebildet, die sich zum Teil identifizieren of Babylon, G792−G750 (middle chronol- lassen (Seidl 2004, G99−20G). Außer dem ogy). ersten, stehen alle auf Tieren, der zweite Gott ist zweifellos der Wettergott Teisˇeba § G. Sources. − § 2. Name. − § 3. Family. − § 4. Building activities. − § 5. Political history. − auf einem Löwen und mit Blitzen in den 6 − 7 Händen, der dritte, in der Flügelsonne und § . Administration. § . Death. auf einem Stier stehende Gott muss der G Sonnengott Sˇiuini sein (Sonnengott* B. III. § . Sources. The sources of informa- a). So bestätigt sich, dass die Götter norma- tion on H.’s reign are curtailed by the very lerweise mit Tieren oder Mischwesen asso- limited availability of Old Bab. data from ziiert werden. Die erste Gestalt, die barfuß his capital of Babylon* (Pederse´n 2005, mit einer langen Lanze ((gisˇ)sˇuri) und einem G7−68). The evidence for the first 30 years Bogen (oder eher einem Schild?) einher is sparse, mostly from Sippar; there are schreitet, ist also mit Sicherheit eine Dar- fewer than 40 dated tablets for this period; stellung des Gottes H˚ . Er ist von Flammen some years are not documented at all. The umgeben, die in Verbindung mit dem Be- distribution of royal inscriptions is also re- griff „Licht“ (dasˇe) stehen könnten (Salvini stricted because it appears that there are no G99G; Belli G999, 37; CTU G, G25−G28 extant texts of this type that can be dated [A G-3] G5, 57). prior to the conquest of Larsa (Charpin 20GG, 82). From year 30 on, the evidence Belli O. G999: The Anzaf fortress and the gods of Urartu. − Calmeyer P. G974: Zur Genese alt- becomes much more abundant, represented iranischer Motive, II: der leere Wagen, AMI 7, by a variety of textual types: letters, 49−77. − C¸ ilingirog˘ lu A./Salvini M. G999: inscriptions, administrative and private When was the castle of Ayanis built and what is economic tablets as well as lit. composi- the meaning of the word „sˇuri“?, in: C¸ ilingi- rog˘lu/R. J. Matthews (ed.), Proceedings of the tions. The richest source of information, Fourth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at some of it only made available in recent HAMMURAPI 38G years, comes from the archives of Mari* § G.2. Inscriptions. H. is the earliest king (A. § 8), filtered by local interests. of his dynasty whose commemorative inscriptions have survived. There is some All of this has lately allowed two authors to pen full length biographies of the king (Charpin classificatory uncertainty because some 2003; Van De Mieroop 2005) that replace all texts on stone were written in poetic Sum. previous efforts (not to mention various popular diction and could possibly be considered as accounts in several languages). lit. rather than inscriptional, although the § G.G. Year names. The order of the 43 distinction may be modern and irrelevant. G9 year names of H.’s reign is well established Currently, such texts and a few frag- 4 332−357 on the basis of ten date lists (Datenlisten*; ments are known (RIME , ), all Horsnell G999, 39−45). One of these is par- from the last third of his reign. The inscrip- ticularly informative: the unorthodox par- tions, mostly preserved on stone, but some tially preserved Date List O provides fuller on Old Bab. or even much later tablet cop- than usual accounts of the Sum. versions of ies, were written in both Akk. and Sum., eight year names in its preserved sections, some redacted in parallel versions in both even if some of them are out of order languages. It may be that most of them (OECT 2, pl. 5f.; Horsnell G999, 200−203, were set up separately in the two language 275−277). Ampler forms of year name G4 formats and the preservation of versions in and year name 38 are documented in two one language without an equivalent in the promulgation documents that contain the other is due to chance of discovery. These Sum. versions of the formulae, PRAK 2, 33 texts dealt with construction work on tem- DG4 (Horsnell G999, G50) and PBS 5, 95 ples and city walls but also commemorated (ibid. G59). military victories. The choice of events for commemoration § G.3. Laws. The best-known monumen- in year names reveals specific aspects of the tal composition from the reign of H. is un- self-representative strategies of the crown. contestably the text of his law collection or H.’s first two year names were conven- “code,” inscribed on stelae that were tional: ascension to the throne, followed by placed in major cities of his kingdom (CH˚ , a debt release decree. This was followed by Roth G9972, 7G−G42; Borger, BAL3 2−50; year names describing cultic events until Gesetze* A. § 3.6). The text very much ex- year seven, which celebrated the “capture” pands on earlier models, while preserving of the cities of Uruk and Isin. Except for their basic organizational structure. These years ten and eleven, named after victories were the Sum. Laws of Ur-Namma*(§3.4; over Malgium* (§ 4) and Rapiqum*, the Gesetze* A. § 2.2) and Laws of Lipit-Isˇtar* year formulae of the next decades de- (§ 6; Gesetze* A. § 3.G) that had been in- scribed cultic events, building activities and scribed on stone monuments, even if we canal work. Then, with year 30, the pattern know them primarily in school tablet cop- changed and the next nine were dedicated ies (together with a few remnants of stone mostly to military affairs, while the last versions of the latter), but the author con- three years were once again named after sciously chose to redact H.’s text in Akk. the erection of a cultic statue and wall rather than Sum. (the relationship, if any, building. The narrative of these names fol- with the Akk. Laws of Esˇnunna [Gesetze* lows a familiar trajectory: consolidation of A. § 3.5] is more difficult to analyze). The rule, ascent to major stature with the de- text undoubtedly went through various feats of Elam and then Larsa (year names redactions, but the final version was cre- 30, 3G), engagement and dominance in the ated towards the end of H.’s reign. The pri- political and military conflicts of the time, mary source for modern editions is a stela, followed by a brief period of hegemony taken to Susa as booty by an Elam. army and peace. Year name 40 may allude to vo- (Sˇutruk-Nahhunte* § G) more than half a tive offerings designed to ward off infirmity mill. after it was first set up. Its original or approaching death (§ 7 below). provenance is usually cited as Sippar, but 382 HAMMURAPI the evidence for this is circumstantial at inheritance matters, injury or death in pro- best (Van De Mieroop 20GG, 306 n. 2f.). fessional activities, tariffs and rents down Other similar stela fragments were discov- to matters concerning ownership of slaves ered in Susa and we now have more than and many other circumstances.