NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PROGRAM WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO EXIST? THE DYNAMICS OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION OF SETTLER COLONIALISM: THE CASE OF PALESTINE WALEED SALEM PhD THESIS NICOSIA 2019 WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO EXIST? THE DYNAMICS OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION OF SETTLER COLONIALISM: THE CASE OF PALESTINE WALEED SALEM NEAREAST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PROGRAM PhD THESIS THESIS SUPERVISOR ASSOC. PROF. DR. UMUT KOLDAŞ NICOSIA 2019 ACCEPTANCE/APPROVAL We as the jury members certify that the PhD Thesis ‘Who is Eligible to Exist? The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion of Settler Colonialism: The Case of Palestine’prepared by PhD Student Waleed Hasan Salem, defended on 26/4/2019 4 has been found satisfactory for the award of degree of Phd JURY MEMBERS ......................................................... Assoc. Prof. Dr. Umut Koldaş (Supervisor) Near East University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations ......................................................... Assoc. Prof.Dr.Sait Ak şit(Head of Jury) Near East University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations ......................................................... Assoc. Prof.Dr.Nur Köprülü Near East University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Political Science ......................................................... Assoc. Prof.Dr.Ali Dayıoğlu European University of Lefke Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations ......................................................... Assistant Prof.Dr. İlksoy Aslım European University of Lefke Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations ......................................................... Prof. Dr.Mustafa Sağsan Graduate School of Social Sciences Director DECLARATION I, Waleed Salem, hereby declare that this dissertation entitled ‘Who Is Eligible to Exist? The Dynamics of Inclusion And Exclusion Of Settler Colonialism: The Case Of Palestine ’ has been prepared myself under the guidance and supervision of ‘Assoc. Prof. Dr. UmutKoldaş’ in partial fulfilment of the Near East University, Graduate School of Social Sciences regulations and does not to the best of my knowledge breach and Law of Copyrights and has been tested for plagiarism and a copy of the result can be found in the Thesis. o The full extent of my Thesis can be accesible from anywhere. o My Thesis can only be accesible from Near East University. o My Thesis cannot be accesible for two (2) years. Date Signature Name Surname iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Waleed Salem the PhD student at Near East University, student number 20157156, who prepared this PhD thesis in International Relations about the Dynamics of Inclusion and exclusion of Settler Colonialism: The Case of Palestine, would like to present his thanks and gratitude to the Near East University in The Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), for all the assistance and the guidance given during my study for PhD in the International Relations Department in the University. Special thanks should be sent to my Supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. UmutKoldaş for all his precious advices, and for his patience and follow up of the thesis development in all its stages. Further gratitude goes also the other Jury members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sait Akşit, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur Köprülü also from Near East University- International Relations and Politial Science Departments. Additional gratitude goes to the other two Jury members from the European University of Lefke- EUL, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Dayıoğlu, and Assist. Prof. Dr. İlksoyAslım.Besides that, one will not forget to extend the necessary gratitude to all the scholars at the “Graduate School of Social Sciences”, and the Director of the School Prof. Dr. Mustafa Sağsan. Gratitude goes as well to the ‘International Relations Department’ of Near East University. Finally, a special gratitude goes to my beloved wife EmanRatrout, who was very generous in assisting in all the technical matters related to this thesis, and who was the one that convinced me to go ahead in this adventure till the end regardless of the hesitations that I had. The same gratitude goes also to my family for bearing with me and with the heavy conditions imposed in our house during the preparation of the thesis. Waleed Salem iv ABSTRACT WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO EXIST? THE DYNAMICS OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION OF SETTLER COLONIALISM: THE CASE OF PALESTINE This PhD thesis aims to expand on the ‘logic of elimination’ of the settler colonial projects by analyzing in depth its dynamics of inclusion and exclusion, who is eligible to exist, and /or to be counted in these projects with a specific focus on Palestine as a case study; compared with three cases of The United States, South Africa and Ireland/ Northern Ireland.The thesis assumed that the Zionist project is characterized by ‘Demographic Elimination’ as the main feature of its inclusion and inclusion dynamics, combining the erasure of the land: place, space, territory, and the landscape; together with the displacement of the indigenous population internally and externally, and the replacement of them by settler colonialists brought from outside. These processes were practiced during the period of the Zionist Settler colonial project in Palestine in the 19th century leading to the establishment of the Israeli State in 1948,and continued after 1948 and 1967 by that State of Israel as being a “Settler Colonial State” in expansion. These methods are implemented in the frameworks of belligerent occupation, Apartheid, and Settler/ Internal Colonialism, combined with the structures of “Settler Democracy” and “Herrenvolk Democracy” that are both ethnically exclusive to the other politically, legally, economically (Through the settler colonial political economy), socially, and culturally. Since the 1940s the United States of America played the role as a ‘mother country’ to Israel and its settler colonial inclusion and exclusion ongoing project. Previously Britain played the mother country role. Before that the Evangelical Americans, German and the British created a Zionist Approach to conquer and settler Palestine in the early nineteenth century before Zionism emerged. The study is going over five chapters, and ends with a brief overview of the possibilities for decolonization, and for re-inclusion. v Keywords: Settler Colonialism. Eligibility to Exist: Inclusion and exclusion politics. Logic of Elimination. Demographic Elimination. Ireland. South Africa. The United States. Israel. Palestine. vi ÖZ KİM VAROLMA HAKKINA SAHİP? YERLEŞİMCİ SÖMÜRGECİLİĞİNİN İÇLEME VE DIŞLAMA DİNAMİKLERİ BAĞLAMINDA FİLİSTİN ÖRNEĞİ Bu doktora tezi yerleşimci sömürgeci projelerin “tasviye/yok etme mantığını” Filistin örneğinden hareketle ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklamayı ve tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda tez, temel olarak bu projelerin yerli halkı tasviye etme mantığındaki içindeleme-dışlama; var olma hakkı kaniliği; ve süreçte sayılma hakkı vasfı gibi dinamikleri derinliğine incelemekte ve Filistin örneğini Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Güney Afrika ve Irlanda/Kuzey Irlanda örnekleriyle karşılaştırarak irdelemektedir. Tez bir yerleşimci sömürü projesi olan “Siyonist projenin” temel niteliklerinin içindeleme ve dışlama dinamiklerinin temel unsuru olan nüfus tasviyesi; uzam, mıntıka ve arazi terkinine dayalı bir toprak tasviyesi; ve yerli halkın dışarıdan getirilmiş yerleşimciler tarafından hem Filistin içinde hem de dışında yerlerinden edilmesi ve yerlerine yerleşilmesi olduğu değerlendirmesi üzerine kurulmuştur. Bu sürecin tarihsel olarak 19. yüzyılda başladığını iddia eden tez, sürecin İsrail devletinin kuruluşundan sonra da Yerleşimci Sömürgeci İsrail Devleti yürütücülüğünde 1948 ve 1967 savaşları sonrasında genişletilerek devam ettirildiğini savunmaktadır. Bu sürecin yürütülmesinde dış güçlerin etkisini de irdeleyen tezde 1940’lı yıllardan itibaren “ana ülke” rolünü üstelenen Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin bu konuda ilk olmadığını yerleşimci sömürgeci projenin kuruluşundan önce ve Siyonizme dönüşüm sürecinde Siyonist yaklaşımı bir fetih ve control aracı olarak görerek oluşumunda ve gelişiminde rol oynayan Evanjelistlerin ve Birleşik Krallık’ın Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nden çok önce “ana” rolünü üstlenen dış aktörler olduğu da değerlendirilmektedir. Yerleşimci sömürgeci projenin yöntemlerini muharip işgal, apartheid, Yerleşimci/İç Sömürgecilik, Etnici Dışlayıcı Yerleşimci Demokrasisi ya da Üstün Irk Demokrasisi kavramsal çerçevelerinde tartışan ve 5 bölümden oluşan tez, ortaya koymuş olduğu hipotez ve araştırma çerçevesinde dekolonizasyon ve yeniden kapsayıcı bir yapıya dönüş olasılıkları hakkında yeni tartışmalara ışık tutacak bir değerlendirmeyi de içermektedir. vii Anahtar Kelimeler: Yerleşimci Sömürgeciliği, varolmaya kanilik, içindeleme ve dışlama politikaları, Tasviye mantığı, demografik yok ediş, İrlanda, Güney Afrika, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, İsrail, Filistin. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE/APPROVAL DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………...………………………………………iii ABSTRACT………...........................................……………………...……iv ÖZ……………………………………………………………………………...………vi TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………….……………………… viii ABBREVIATIONS ………………….…….……………….….…........................xi INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………. 1 i.Theoretical Framework ……………….………..………...………………………..1 ii. Problem statement