Map 66 Taurus Compiled by S. Mitchell, 1995 Introduction The map covers three distinctive geographical areas. In the north is the steppic basin of Lycaonia and south-west Cappadocia. The rivers here drain towards the interior of the country and end in the shallow lakes and salty marshes of central Anatolia. To the south comes the semicircular sweep of the Taurus mountains, the ancient territory of Isauria and Cilicia Tracheia (“rugged”). The mountains are divided up by the deeply cut river-systems of the Calycadnus in the west, and by the Cydnus and (P)Saros in the east. The third area is the western half of Cilicia Pedias (“plain”), as far as the outlet of the R. Pyramos. In modern times elaborate dam and canalization schemes have been developed for the irrigation of the Lycaonian steppe south of Iconium and of Cilicia Pedias between the (P)Saros and Pyramos. These may have had predecessors in antiquity, but there is no reliable archaeological documentation for such systems. Deposits at the river mouths in Cilicia Pedias have pushed the modern coastline forward by as much as four miles in some locations, and the outlets of both the (P)Saros and Pyramos have altered substantially since the Roman period (see Map 67 Introduction). Relatively systematic information for the coastal topography of the region is available from the shipping manuals of coastal landmarks. These mainly comprise the work attributed to Scylax, which in its present form dates to the 330s B.C. (GGM I, xliii-xlv), an account in Strabo Book 14, and the StadMM compiled in the third or fourth century A.D., but drawing in part on the same sources as Strabo. Ptolemy covers Cilicia and Lycaonia. The stations on overland routes through the region are known from several itineraries, notably ItAnt and ItBurd, both of which provide accounts of the major road running south from Ancyra to Tyana, through the Cilician Gates to Tarsus, and thence east to Syria (French 1981, 13-14, 120-23). A fragmentary inscription from Rome preserves a segment of the route from Tarsus north to Andabalis (Map 63 F4), possibly followed by Hadrian in October 117 (CIL 6.5076; French 1981, 124; Halfmann 1986, 190). TabPeut illustrates several major roads and road stations in the region, but with some cartographic confusion owing to the mountainous terrain. The only comprehensive geographical survey is provided by Strabo, although the quality of his information is extremely variable (Syme 1995, especially 153-65). For Late Antiquity, the main sources are the lists of bishoprics, Notitiae episcopatuum (Darrouzès 1981), and Hierocles’ Synekdemos. Until recently, a large number of ancient place names were preserved by the toponymy of modern Turkish villages and towns (cf. Robert 1977). These name survivals have been noted as fully as possible in the Directory. There are notable uncertainties in the historical geography of the steppe north of the Taurus. Four of the seven cities which belonged to the koinon of Lycaonia have yet to be located with certainty (Barata, Koropissos, Dalisandos, Hyde). Exploration of the mountain regions (see especially Bean 1970) has clarified many uncertainties and produced a much clearer picture of the topography of Isauria. Along the Cilician coast many of the identifications of smaller sites are necessarily approximate, although the general location of particular places is usually clear. Two indispensable sources of reference deserve mention. First, the articles on individual place names written for RE by W. Ruge, even though these often have to be brought up to date to take account of more recent discoveries. Second, three volumes of the excellent TIB–Kappadokien (1981), Galatien (1984), Kilikien (1990). These contain systematic information not only for the Byzantine period but also earlier, and typically offer the best evaluation of sources and archaeological data. 1014 MAP 66 TAURUS Directory All place names are in Turkey Abbreviations TIB Galatien K. Belke, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 4, Galatien und Lykaonien, DenkWien 172, 1984 TIB Kappadokien F. Hild and M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2, Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos), DenkWien 149, 1981 TIB Kilikien F. Hild and H. Hellenkemper, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5.1, Kilikien und Isaurien,DenkWien 215, 1990 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D3 Ad Fines? L Dedeli Yayla TIB Galatien 156; TIB Kilikien 140 G3 Adana/ C?HRL/ Adana RE 1; RE Antiocheia 18; TIB Kilikien Antiochia ad Sarum H 154-58 C3 Adrasos RL Balabolu (Adras Dağ) TIB Kilikien 159 E3 Akkale RL large settlement 3 miles TIB Kilikien 165-66 SW Lamos A2 Akkisse RL settlement of Gorgoromeis Hall 1971; TIB Galatien 119 D4 Akonesiai Inss. L Babadil Adaları TIB Kilikien 168 C3 Alahan L4th-6th century Hill 1998 ecclesiastical site G3 Aleion Pedion ACHRL plain E Adana RE ’Αλήιον πεδίον 1 F3 Anchiale(ia) HRL Yümüktepe TIB Kilikien 185-86 B4 Andriklos M. HR Maslan Dağ TIB Kilikien 186 § Androkos M. RL? B4 Anemurium CHRL Eski Anamur TIB Kilikien 187-91 A3 Ano Kotradis RL Ballık, near Kozlu yaylası TIB Kilikien 320-21 B3 Antiochia Castellum L near Çukurköy RE Suppl. 1 Antiocheia 19a; TIB Kilikien 193 A4 Antiochia ad Cragum HRL Güney Köy TIB Kilikien 191-93 Antiochia ad Cydnum = Tarsus Antiochia ad Pyramum = Mallos Antiochia ad Pyramum = Magarsa Antiochia ad Sarum = Adana D4 Aphrodisias HRL (13th century Porto TIB Kilikien 195-96 Cavaliere) D4 Aphrodisias/ HRL/ Ovacık Adası RE 1; TIB Kilikien 464 Zephyrion Pr. L F1 Aquae Calidae R Çiftehan? RE Aqua 25 D1 Ardistama H?RL Kale Tepe, near Arisama TIB Galatien 132 G1 Ariaramneia/ H/ Çamlıca, formerly Faraşa TIB Kappadokien 266-67 [Rodandos] L? E4 Arima?/ R/ Narlıkuyu MAMA 3, 194 (no. 650c), 201 (no. 706d); Krine? L Kirsten 1973, 360, 363; TIB Kilikien 364 C4 Arsinoe HRL Maraş Harabeleri TIB Kilikien 198 B2 Artanada R Dülgerler TIB Kilikien 198 F1 Asbamaion RL Hortasan Gölü TIB Kappadokien 154 E1 Aspenzinsos L Karanlıkdere, formerly TIB Kappadokien 154 Asbuzu Asteria Ins. = Nesoulion Ins. A2 *Astra R Tamaşalık Bean 1970, 129-36; TIB Kilikien 200-201 MAP 66 TAURUS 1015 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference G2 Augusta/ RL/ near Gübe TIB Kilikien 201-202 Augustopolis/ L/ [Thebae]? L F3 Aulai? L Karaduvar TIB Kilikien 202 Aurelia Antoniniana = Tyana B2 Aydoğmuş RL possible site of TIB Galatien 180-81 Isauropolis, formerly Dorla C1 Barata RL Kızılkale? TIB Galatien 138-43; French 1996 C2 Baş Dağ H Belke 1978 B2 Belören RL French 1984, 89-90 C4 Bernikes Kolpos RL? E Celenderis TIB Kilikien 214 A4 Bıçkıcı Kalesi L TIB Kilikien 215 C2 Binbirkilise L important monastic center TIB Galatien 138-43 attached to Barata C2 Boratinon M. L Kara Dağ TIB Galatien 145-48 G2 Bryklike R around Augusta RE F2 Bulgar Maden HRL near Madenköy TIB Kappadokien 159 F1 Caena L near Ömerli French 1981, 123 D4 Calycadnus fl. Göksu RE Kalykadnos E3 Canbazlı HRL large village site TIB Kilikien 223 E1 Cappadocia See Map 64 C4 Celenderis ACHRL Aydıncık, formerly RE Kelenderis 2; TIB Kilikien 298 Gilindere B4 Charadros HRL Yakacık, formerly TIB Kilikien 226 Kaledıran İskelesi Cherreos Eryma = Papirion G3 Cilicia See Map 67 F3 Cilicia Pedias ACHRL Çukurova RE Kilikia C4 Cilicia Tracheia Anatolian Taurus from RE Kilikia Syedra to Lamos F4 Cilicius Aulon CHRL sea passage between RE Aulon 10; Burr 46-47 § Cilicium Mare Anemurium and Cyprus Claudiconium = Iconium Claudioderbe = Derbe Claudiopolis = Ninica Clibanus? = Germanicopolis Col. Aurelia Antoniniana =Tyana F1 Col. Faustinopolis/ RL/ Başmakçı RE; TIB Kappadokien 258-59 Halala R Col. Iulia Augusta Felix = Ninica Col. Iulia Felix Gemina = Lystra E4 Corycium Antrum L Cennet Obruğu MAMA 3, 214-19; TIB Kilikien 314-15 E4 Corycus HRL Kızkalesi (Gorgos) RE Korykos 4; TIB Kilikien 315-20 A4 Cragus M. HR Güney kalesi RE Kragos 3 E1 Cybistra HRL Ereğli RE Suppl. 4 Kybistra F2 Cydnus fl. RL Tarsos Çay RE Suppl. 4 Kybistra D1 Dağören L TIB Galatien 155 C3 Dağpazarı L possibly Dalisandos or TIB Kilikien 313-14 Koropissos; Hill 1998 Koropissos Dana? = Tynna C2 Derbe/ HR/ Kerti Hüyük Ballance 1957 Claudioderbe R C2 Derbe L Sidrova, Devri Sehri Ballance 1964 1016 MAP 66 TAURUS Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference G3 Didymoi Inss. RL? off Karatas RE 3; TIB Kilikien 238 D3 Diocaesarea HRL Uzuncaburç TIB Kilikien 239-40 C4 Dionysophanes RL? E Kızılburun RE τὰ ∆ιονυσοφάνους; TIB Kilikien 241 B3 Dometiopolis RL Katranlı, formerly TIB Kilikien 242 Dindebul B4 Eirenopolis L Çatalbadem, formerly RE 1; TIB Kilikien 245 Yukarı Irnebul E4 Elaioussa/ HR/ Ayaş RE Elaiussa 5; RE Sebaste 5; TIB Kilikien Sebaste RL 400-401 E3 Emirzeli HRL fortified settlement TIB Kilikien 249 D4 Epinesia Pr. RL? Boğsak, opposite TIB Kilikien 367 Nesoulion A2 Eski Saray RL TIB Galatien 162 Faustinopolis = Col. Faustinopolis B3 Germanicopolis/ RL/ Ermenek RE Germanikopolis 3; Syme 1986, 163; Clibanus? R TIB Kilikien 258-59 D1 Gölören L possible site of Hyde TIB Galatien 174-75 A2 Gorgoromeis R E Trogitis L. Hall 1971 Hadrianopolis = Zephyrion Halala = Col. Faustinopolis Heliosebaste? = Iuliosebaste E2 [Herakleia] L Tont Kalesi TIB Galatien 99, 220 D4 Holmoi/ CHRL/ around Taşucu RE 2; TIB Kilikien 272 Hermia? R D2 Hyde? A?RL Akçaşehir Laminger-Pascher 1986, 252-56 G3 Ianouaria Pr. RL? Fener Burnu TIB Kilikien 273 B1 Iconium/ CHRL/ Konya RE Ikonion; TIB Galatien 176-78 Claudiconium R § Col. Iulia Augusta R Equestris? § Col. Aelia Hadriana R Augusta C2 Ilistra RL Yollarbaşı, formerly Ilisre RE; TIB Galatien 179 D4 *Imbrioga R Demircili, formerly TIB Kilikien 275 Dösene A4 Iotape HRL Aydap İskelesi RE 6; PECS; TIB Kilikien 275-76 A2 Isaura (Nova)/ CHRL/ Zengibar Kalesi RE; TIB Galatien 198-99; S. Mitchell Leontopolis L A2 Isaura Vetus/ HR/ Bozkır Hall 1973; TIB Galatien 180-81; S.