ALASKAN WAY VIADUCT REPLACEMENT PROJECT Final Environmental Impact Statement APPENDIX M Air Discipline Report Submitted by: PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF Prepared by: PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF J U L Y 2 0 1 1 Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project Final EIS Air Discipline Report The Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project is a joint effort between the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), and the City of Seattle. To conduct this project, WSDOT contracted with: Parsons Brinckerhoff 999 Third Avenue, Suite 3200 Seattle, WA 98104 In association with: Coughlin Porter Lundeen, Inc. EnviroIssues, Inc. GHD, Inc. HDR Engineering, Inc. Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Inc. Mimi Sheridan, AICP Parametrix, Inc. Power Engineers, Inc. Shannon & Wilson, Inc. William P. Ott Construction Consultants SR 99: Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project July 2011 Air Discipline Report Final EIS This Page Intentionally Left Blank TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Summary ..............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Alternatives Considered .............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Build Alternatives Overview .......................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Bored Tunnel Overview ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Cut-and-Cover Tunnel Alternative Overview ................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Elevated Structure Alternative Overview ......................................................................................... 4 1.3 Analyses and Summary of Results ............................................................................................................5 Chapter 2 Background, Studies, and Coordination ...........................................................................................9 2.1 Air Quality Standards .................................................................................................................................9 2.2 Air Pollutants for Analysis ..........................................................................................................................9 2.2.1 Carbon Monoxide .......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Particulate Matter........................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Ozone ............................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.4 Nitrogen Oxides ............................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.5 Lead ............................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.6 Mobile Source Air Toxics ............................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Climate and Air Quality ............................................................................................................................14 2.4 Project Coordination ................................................................................................................................14 Chapter 3 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................15 3.1 Study Area ...............................................................................................................................................15 3.2 Applicable Regulations and Guidelines ...................................................................................................15 3.3 Data Needs and Sources .........................................................................................................................15 3.3.1 Traffic Data .................................................................................................................................... 15 3.3.2 Background Concentrations .......................................................................................................... 17 3.3.3 Vehicle Emissions.......................................................................................................................... 17 3.4 Analysis of Environmental Effects ............................................................................................................18 3.4.1 Analysis Years ............................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.2 Analysis Periods ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.4.3 Mobile Source CO Analysis Sites and Receptor Locations for Operational Analysis .................... 19 3.4.4 Analysis Sites Near Tunnel Portals and Tunnel Operations/Maintenance Buildings ..................... 22 3.4.5 Mobile Source Model ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.4.6 MSAT Emissions Modeling Methodology ...................................................................................... 23 3.4.7 Stationary Source Model ............................................................................................................... 25 3.5 Air Quality Modeling Methodology ...........................................................................................................26 3.5.1 Roadways and Intersections .......................................................................................................... 26 3.5.2 Tunnel Portals ............................................................................................................................... 26 3.5.3 Tunnel Operations/Maintenance Buildings .................................................................................... 28 3.6 Analysis of Construction Effects ..............................................................................................................29 3.7 Conformity Compliance Determination ....................................................................................................29 3.7.1 Operational Phase ......................................................................................................................... 29 3.7.2 Construction Phase ....................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 4 Affected Environment .......................................................................................................................33 4.1 Study Area Characteristics ......................................................................................................................33 SR 99: Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project July 2011 Air Discipline Report i Final EIS 4.2 Regulatory Status of Study Area..............................................................................................................33 4.3 Air Pollution Trends .................................................................................................................................33 4.4 Monitored Air Quality Concentrations ......................................................................................................35 4.5 Estimated Existing Air Pollutant Conditions .............................................................................................35 4.5.1 Results of Mobile Source CO Analysis .......................................................................................... 36 4.5.2 Results of Battery Street Tunnel Portal Analysis ........................................................................... 37 Chapter 5 Operational Effects and Mitigation ..................................................................................................39 5.1 Operational Effects of the 2030 Viaduct Closed (No Build Alternative) ...................................................39 5.1.1 Scenarios Considered ................................................................................................................... 39 5.1.2 Results of the Mobile Source CO Analysis .................................................................................... 40 5.1.3 Results of the MSAT Analysis ....................................................................................................... 41 5.1.4 Operational Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 43 5.1.5 Operational Benefits ...................................................................................................................... 43 5.2 Operational Effects of the Bored Tunnel Alternative ................................................................................43 5.2.1 Results of the Mobile Source CO Analysis .................................................................................... 43 5.2.2 Results of the Tunnel