TANZANIAN PASTORALISTS THREATENED Evictions, Human Rights Violations and Loss of Livelihoods IWGIA Report 23 2016 TANZANIAN PASTORALISTS THREATENED: Evictions, Human Rights and Loss of Livehood Copyright: IWGIA Published by: IWGIA in collaboration with PINGO’s Forum, PAICODEO and UCRT Editors: IWGIA, Carol Sørensen and Diana Vinding Cover design and maps: Jorge Monrás Cover photo: Carol Sørensen Prepress and print: Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark The reproduction and distribution of information contained in this report is welcome for non-commercial purposes and as long as the source is cited. The translation of the report or the reproduction of the whole report requires the consent of IWGIA. Huridocs Cip data Title: IWGIA Report 23 – Tanzanian Pastoralists Threatened: Evictions, Human Rights Violations and Loss of Livelihoods Published by: IWGIA with PINGO’s Forum, PAICODEO and UCRT Number of pages: 92 ISBN: 978-87-92786-66-1 Language: English Index: 1. Indigenous peoples – 2. Human rights – 3. Pastoralism Geographical area: East Africa Date of publication: 2016 This report has been prepared and published with financial support from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA) PINGO’s forum P.O. Box 14437 – Arusha – Tanzania Web: www.pingosforum.or.tz PAICODEO P.O.BOX 894 – Morogoro – Tanzania Email: [email protected] UJAMAA COMMUNITY RESOURCE TEAM P.O.Box 15111 – Arusha – Tanzania Web: www.ujamaa-crt.org INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: (+45) 35 27 05 00 - E-mail: [email protected] - Web: www.iwgia.org ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IWGIA gratefully acknowledges PINGO’s Forum, PAICODEO, and UCRT for recognising and acting on the need to produce this report; the organisations and their staff are also acknowl- edged for generously contributing their in-depth knowledge on the detail and context of pas- toralist evictions and land conflicts in Tanzania. Field work was facilitated with assistance from UCRT and PAICODEO, who ensured that the communities affected by evictions and land conflicts were informed of the purpose of this report and thereby confident to provide the information that has been used in the report. Grateful acknowledgement is also made of the contributions made by courageous pastoralist men and women, their customary leaders and their village government leaders; the candid and detailed information they gave provides the narrative of this report, confirming media and other reports made at the time of the evictions and allowing the voice of the affected communities to be represented. Discussions with religious leaders, district councillors and pastoralist MPs provided further context and insights, affirming the narratives from pastoralists in the villages. IWGIA also thanks Carol Sørensen whose work with and knowledge of pastoralist issues has been crucial in pulling together the information provided by communities and other informants, and cor- roborating the information with existing documentation. Finally, editing provided by Diana Vinding has strengthened the report and her expertise is highly appreciated. It is hoped that the substantial col- laboration on producing this report will result in justice for the affected pastoralist men and women, and improved land and legal rights for pastoralist communities in Tanzania. CONTENTS List of abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................................................................8 Executive summary .....................................................................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 – Introduction and overview of the study 1.1 Background .....................................................................................................................................................................18 1.2 How the review was conducted .......................................................................................................................................18 1.3 Overview of the study report ...........................................................................................................................................19 CHAPTER 2 – The context of recent pastoralist evictions 2.1 Pastoralist land use .........................................................................................................................................................20 2.2 Emerging land conflicts ...................................................................................................................................................21 2.3 The legal framework ........................................................................................................................................................22 2.3 Justifications for evicting pastoralists ..............................................................................................................................24 2.4 Main trends .....................................................................................................................................................................24 CHAPTER 3 – Pastoralist evictions in Mbeya Region 3.1 Summary of findings .......................................................................................................................................................26 3.2 Land and water use .........................................................................................................................................................26 3.3 Outline of events .............................................................................................................................................................28 3.4 National Anti-Livestock Operation ...................................................................................................................................30 3.5 Iwalanji and Manawala narratives ...................................................................................................................................31 3.6 The aftermath ..................................................................................................................................................................32 3.6.1 Livestock production .........................................................................................................................................32 3.6.2 Changing tenure and boundaries ......................................................................................................................33 3.6.3 Continuing violations .........................................................................................................................................33 3.6.4 Struggling for rights ...........................................................................................................................................34 3.6.5 Increasing marginalisation ................................................................................................................................36 CHAPTER 4 – Pastoralist evictions over the past seven years in Morogoro Region 4.1 Summary of key findings .................................................................................................................................................38 4.2 Background and context .................................................................................................................................................38 4.3 Pastoralists evictions in Kilosa District in 2009 ...............................................................................................................40 4.3.1 How it began .....................................................................................................................................................40 4.3.2 Removing pastoralists from Kilosa ....................................................................................................................41 4.3.3 Human rights violations .....................................................................................................................................43 4.3.4 Responses to the evictions ...............................................................................................................................45 4.4 Kilombero Valley evictions ...............................................................................................................................................45 4.4.1 Kilombero Valley ...............................................................................................................................................45 4.4.2 The Ramsar site ................................................................................................................................................46 4.4.3 Operation Save Kilombero Valley .....................................................................................................................47 4.4.4 Carrying out the evictions .................................................................................................................................48 4.4.5 Human rights violations .....................................................................................................................................48 4.4.6 Responses to the evictions ...............................................................................................................................51