CITY REPORT 4 February 2014 Metropolitan Lima and the Sustainability Challenge Growing Cities in Growing Economies City Report Metropolitan Lima and Callao By Liliana Miranda Sara, Guillermo Takano, Carlos Escalante  Metropolitan Lima and the Sustainability Challenge Growing cities in growing economies Urban Chances in Peru Cities for Life Foro City Report Metropolitan Lima and Callao By Liliana Miranda Sara, Guillermo Takano, Carlos Escalante School of Built Environment and Development Studies University of KwaZulu-Natal Full team of researchers: Rommy Torres, Fernando Palomino, Efrain Arana, Linda Zilvert, Sandro Chavez, Consuelo Muguruza as well as MSc. students Jean Paul Kaiser, Lisa Strauch and Ivonne Leung 2 List of Acronyms AML MetropolitanAssemblyofLima MOCCIC ‘CivicMovementcopingClimate Change’ ALA LocalWaterAuthority MPC ProvincialMunicipalityofCallao ANA NationalWaterAuthority MST HomelessMovement APN NationalPortAuthority MVCS MinistryofHousing,Constructionand CAPECO ConstructionChamberofPeru Sanitation CENEPRED NationalCenterforthePreventionand MZEE EcologicalEconomicMicro-Zoning andDiminishingofDisasterRisk NCCC NationalClimateChangeCommittee COFOPRI CommissionfortheFormalizationof InformalProperty OT TerritorialPlanning CONATA NationalCouncilofRealEstateValue PB ParticipatoryBudgeting Appraisals POT TerritorialPlan COREDES RegionalConferenceforSocial PRDC ConcertedDevelopmentPlanof DevelopmentofLima MetropolitanLima EAE StrategicEnvironmntalEvaluaction PCM PrimeMinister’sCouncil EMAPE MunicipalityCompanyofToll PIGARS IntegralPlanforSolidWaste Administration Management ENSO ‘ElNiño’phenomenon RUOS NationalRegisterofSocial GPIP OfficeforthePromotionofPublic Organizations InvestmentsMML SBN NationalSuperintendenceofReal GRC RegionalGovernmentofCallao EstateAssets HIDRONAV DirectorateofHydrographyand SEDAPAL WaterandSewerageServiceof Navigation MetropolitanLima IGN NationalGeographicInstitute SENAMHI NationalServiceofMeteorologyand HydrologyofPeru IIRSA InitiativefortheSouthAmerican Integration SERPAR ParksServicesAdministrationofMML IMARPE PeruvianMarineInstitute SIGRID InformationSystemforDisasterRisk Management INDECI NationalCivilDefenseInstitute SIRAD InformationSystemofResourcesfor INDECOPI PeruvianconsumersdefenseAgency DisasterAttention INVERMET MunicipalityofLimaMetropolitanFund SITR RegionalSpatialInformationSystem ofInvestments IPCC ClimateChangeIntergovernmentalPanel SMCV SociedadMineraCerroVerde IIRSA ProgrammeforRegionalInfrastructurein SouthAmerica SNIP NationalSystemofPublicInvestment LM LimaMetropolitanArea SUNARP NationalPublicRecords LiWa LimaWaterProject Superintendence MCLCP PovertyFightingConcertacionGroup UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram (MML MetropolitanMunicipalityofLima VdeL GlassofMilkProgram(Municipal MINAM MinistryofEnvironmentofPeru ZEE EcologicEconomicZone 3 Table of Contents Summary . 5 1 . Introduction: Context of Urban Governance in the City Concerned . 6 LevelsofGovernmentandTerritorialJurisdictionsInvolvedintheCityRegion . 6.1.1 PlanningSchemesattheNational,Macro-regional,Metropolitan,ProvincialandDistrictLevel . 7.1.2 2 . Main Urban Growth Strategies – The Role of Mega-projects . 10 PositionoftheUrbanEconomyRelatedtoNationalandInternationalEconomyand.2.1 City-centeredVisions . 12 CurrentRoleofLarge-scaleInfrastructureProjectsintheUrbanEconomy . 12.2.2 DebatesonLarge-scaleProjectsinLM . 15.2.3 3 . Unequal Urban Development; Sub-standard Settlements and Mobilization . 16 PopulationGrowth,SpatialDistributionandDensity . 16.3.1 Socio-economicInequalitiesatCityandLocalLevels:Employment,IncomeandLivingEnvironment . 17.3.2 SocialMobilizationandParticipationinSub-standardSettlements. . 24.3.3 4 . Water Governance and Climate Change Issues in City Concerned . 27 TheMetropolitanCityofLimaTerritoryandClimateConfiguration . . 27.4.1 EnvironmentalVulnerabilities . 28.4.2 WaterInstitutionality . 32.4.3 EnvironmentalandClimateChangeInstitutionality................................ 34.4.4 WaterandTerritoryPolicyContext/Interactions . 36.4.5 WhichistheKeyActor´sDecision-makingCapacityofInfluence? . 37.4.6 ProducingVulnerabilityAnalysesandScenarios;SpatialPerspectivesandParticipation. . 37.4.7 5 . Spatial Knowledge Management in the City: Spatial Perspectives and Participation in Knowledge Production, Exchange and Use? . 38 ;DiscoursesandRationalesforIntroducingICT-GIS-basedKMinUrbanGovernance.5.1 Boundaries,WorkProcesses,MappingNeeds . .. 38 KnowledgeManagementinUrbanPlanningintheCity:ActorsandNetworks . 39.5.2 KnowledgeBuilding,UseandContestation,Exchange. 44.5.3 SpatialKnowledgeProducedthroughCitizenParticipationProcesses . . 49.5.4 Conclusions . 53.5.5 6 . The Role of the City Government Finances and Venues of Participation within the Decentralization Process . 53 BudgetaryConsiderations . .. 53.6.1 CitizenParticipationintheCity:ParticipatoryBudgetingProcesses? . 55.6.2 7 . Case-studies . 57 WP2.The‘LíneaAmarilla-ViaParqueRimac’ExpressHighway . 57.7.1 WP3.TheLeftBankoftheRimacRiver(MIRR) . .. 59.7.2 WP4.ThreeScenariosforMetropolitanLimaforYear2025 . 60.7.3 WP5.‘InstitutionalKnowledgeandTechnologyManagementinCallao. . 63.7.4 8 . Conclusions . 65 9 . References . 67 Summary Summary Thepresentcityprofilereportexploresthedevelopment impetuses and effects of the ongoing decentralization of Metropolitan Lima (LM), the capital of Peru on  a processandonhowplanninghasbeenredistributedamong numberofaspectsconcerningitssustainabilityintimes nationalandsub-nationallevelsofgovernment.Chapter2 ofhigheconomicgrowththathasoccurredsteadilyin the exploresthestrategicimportancegiventoinfrastructureat -last15years.Indeed,cities–andparticularlyLimadueto thenationalandmetropolitanlevelsandtherolethatlarge itsprimacy–havebeenconsideredasenginesofeconomic scaleprojectshaveacquiredinordertoconsolidateLM’s growththatatthesametimehaveabsorbeditsimpacts. urbaneconomyaswellasthevisionsandagendasbehind Peruvian cities have certainly reflected the effects of a their implementations and the impacts and debates growth oriented economic model by developing as an generated.Chapter3highlights thefeaturesofurbanization unplannedurbansystemwithgreatinequalitiesbetween inLM,withaparticularemphasisonthesegregatedwayin urban and rural areas, as well as between and within whichLMhasdevelopedandconsolidated;explainedin .cities. Issues such as high physical and environmental relationtodensity,housingandinfrastructureendowments risks,waterstress,socio-spatialsegregation,lackofbasic The whole set of policy efforts and the historical role service coverage, uncontrolled urban sprawl over acquiredbysocialorganizationsinordertoovercomethese agricultural areas based on market forces instead of inequalities arealso deeplyanalyzed.Chapter4aimsto planningbut haveconstitutedLMaseloquentrelevant understand the city’s hydro-climatic vulnerabilities in caseforadetailedstudy. correlationtotheclearterritorialdistributionofinequality showninchapter3andconfrontedwiththeroleofwater Theseimpacts,togetherwiththerecenttransformations andclimatechangeinstitutions.Chapter5confrontsthe thathaveoccurredinLMwillbeexploredinaccordanceto visionsthatdifferentactors/sectors/levelsofgovernment thescientificframework oftheChance2sustainresearch haveonLMandamultilevelapproachtospatialknowledge (project. The report will explore the set of governance bypublic,privateandcivilsocietysectors(includingCBOs1 schemes performing at different levels and involving andtowhatextentthisisrelatedwiththeconformationof differentactorsinordertounderstandhowgrowth,urban ainstitutionalnetwork.Chapter6outlinesseveralfiscaland reconfigurations, social responses, environmental budgetaryissuesrelatedtothemostrecentdecentralization processes and spatial knowledge are related in this waveandthestructuralproblemsitaimstotackle.Italso particularcase,supportedbythecase-studiesproducedby explores the outcomes, problems and possibilities of theChance2Sustainteamofresearchers.Sincetheproject participatory budgeting processes as a possibility to .aims to compare these different phenomena with democratizebudgetallocationanddecision-makinginLM international cases, this report will also refer to the Chapter 7 explores the different case studies that have peculiarities  of LM and its regional/national context in providedempiricalevidenceandsupportedsomeofthe ordertoestablishitsuniquefeatures. analyses and statements done along the document. We closethereportwithconclusionsandadetailedanalysisof