1626 Reviews of Books Unionists" (p. 228) and calls pro-Confederate blacks the war, with the help of Thomas, they got their land "a minority within a minority" (p. 229). Most slaves and the right to remain in North Carolina. The Pam­ "understood that they had a better chance of gaining unkey and Lumbee Unionists, disgruntled at mistreat­ freedom, particularly if they behaved themselves and ment by their white neighbors, served without reward let events in the form of the Union Army advance their as guerrillas and pilots for the Union. The Catawbas day of jubilee" (p. 260). "Although some" black Vir­ remained loyal to the Confederacy. ginians "supported or spied for the Confederacy, the Those Indians in the North who aided the Union majority recognized that their assistance to Yankees gained nothing for their efforts. Some Ottawa served would hasten the end of slavery" (p. 287). as sharpshooters in the Army of the Potomac. A few Fourth, Jordan ignores major themes. He devotes Pequots blended into the Union's "colored" troops. too little attention, for instance, to how rank-and-file Two Senecas, the brothers Isaac Newton and Ely blacks responded to pro-Confederate blacks. He un­ Samuel Parker, became officers in the Union army. dervalues white fears of blacks with weapons. And he Despite Ely Samuel's association with Ulysses S. Grant Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/101/5/1626/36435 by guest on 02 October 2021 fails to explore sufficiently black Virginians' "inscruta­ after the war, he was unable to survive the scandals ble masks, watermelon smiles, and feigned indiffer­ that ruined Grant's presidency. ence" (p. 21 )-how they "resorted to combinations of Hauptman's primary contention that the Indians guile and resistance to survive daily encounters with who fought on either side of the Civil War inevitably potentially hostile whites" (p. 136). lost is beyond reproach. He fails to document convinc­ Fifth, Jordan clouds his narrative with jarring and ingly his belief that their participation in the war made illogical paragraphs that document different themes. a difference in its outcome. He might have supported Undigested anecdotes and hypotheses mar his book. his sympathy for Native Americans with more detail In sum, Jordan never satisfactorily squares slavery's about how they themselves felt. Despite their unhappy indignities with his insistence that a minority of Vir­ status as victims, many Indians did survive, adjust, and ginia blacks loyally served "the cause." preserve their culture. Careful editing would have JOHN DAVID SMITH saved him and his publisher from embarrassing errors North Carolina State University of punctuation, grammar, and spelling. As an intrigu­ ing tale of individuals and tribes who comprise a lost LAURENCE H. HAUPTMAN. Between Two Fires: American chapter in the Civil"War, however, this book is worthy Indians in the Civil War. New York: Free Press. 1995. of readers. Pp. xv, 304. $25.00. E. STANLY GODBOLD, JR. Mississippi State University When the Civil War intersected the "winning of the West" between 1861 and 1865, the American Indians LEE KENNETT. Marching through Georgia: The Story of who participated suffered great losses. Whether they Soldiers and Civilians during Sherman's Campaign. New fought for the Union or the Confederacy, lived in the York: HarperCollins. 1995. Pp. x, 418. $27.50. North, South, or trans-Mississippi West, they were already a conquered people doomed to lose. Laurence Mter 130 years, the debate over the actions of Federal M. Hauptman's new book offers a comprehensive, soldiers during General William T. Sherman's march researched account of which Native Americans fought, through Georgia is as lively as ever. Sherman's defend­ why they did it, and how they fared. ers have been few, largely because denunciation of In the West, Confederate Brigadier General Stand Sherman's "barbarism" derived as much sting from the Watie, principal chief of one faction of the Cherokee, accounts of northern troops as from the venom of hated blacks and fought ruthlessly for the South (p. outraged Georgians. Ultimately, most judged Sherman 50). An able cavalry officer and military tactician, his to be a brilliant, innovative general but found him participation exacerbated a civil war among the Cher­ culpable for a widespread breakdown in discipline. okee themselves. Five years after the war he died In the 1930s, however, historians took a new look at financially and emotionally bankrupt. Those Indians in Sherman's record. Influenced by World War I, they the West who fought for the Union believed that the viewed his campaign as part of a new strategy, de­ "Great White Father" would honor his land treaties. signed to terminate a horribly destructive war, thereby They were disappointed. reducing rather than continuing devastation and In the South, the Eastern Band of Cherokee bene­ death. Most of these studies were largely history fitted from the war. Four hundred of them fought with written from the commander's perspective. Writers William Holland Thomas's Confederate Legion of placed readers in Sherman's tent-sometimes in his Indians and Highlanders. A successful merchant and mind-as the fog of battle tactics and campaign strat­ Whig politician, Thomas was a white man whom the egy unfurled in conveniently placed maps. North Carolina Cherokee had adopted when he was a In recent years, historians have explored a new boy. Mter he helped them escape removal to the West, approach to military history, the one taken here by Lee they named him chief in 1839. Their well-placed trust Kennett. In Kennett's account, readers travel through of Thomas led them into the rebellion in the moun­ Georgia with captains, sergeants, and common sol­ tainous areas of North Carolina and Tennessee. After diers, recording their stories as they encounter south- AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW DECEMBER 1996 .