Chaudhary VM, Kokate KK - A comprehensive review of Daruharidra (Berberis Aristata). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Review Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF DARUHARIDRA (Berberis Aristata). Chaudhary Vivek Muralidhar,1* Kokate Krishna Kiran.2 1. M.D. (Dravyaguna), Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Sumatibhai Shah Ayurved Mahavidya- laya, Hadapsar, Pune, MS, India. 2. M.D. (Ayurved Siddhant), Consulting Ayurveda Physician, Shashwat Ayurveda Multispeciality Clinic And Panchakarma Center, Bharati Vidyapeet, Pune, MS, India. Received on: 15/09/18; Revised on: 30/09/18; Accepted on: 04/10/18 ABSTRACT Berberis aristata Dc. commonly known as Daruharidra is a popular drug which has been used globally in var- ious systems of Medicine viz. Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Allopathy, Unani. Ayurveda classics and Nighantus clearly mentioned Daruharidra in detail with specific synonyms and therapeutic indications. In Ayurveda it is mainly used Netra Roga,Pandu, Kamala, Kushtha, Mutrakruccha, Pratishyaya, Prameha. Clinical and exper- imental studies shows that it shows antioxidative, antiinflamatory,anticancer, hepatoprotective, immunomodu- latory properties. In this article we tried to compile all the information about Daruharidra mentioned in Ayur- vedic Samhitas, Nighantus and other text. Keywords – Daruharidra, Berberis Aristata, Ayurveda, Unani, Pandu, Prameha, Mutrakruccha, Netra rog, Antioxidative, Antiinflamatory, Hepatoprotective, Pharmacognocy. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. LITERARY REVIEW Berberis aristata DC. commonly known as 2.1. History Daruharidra is a popular drug which has been used globally in various systems of Medicine viz. Ayurve- Knowing the drug from ancient time was the prime da, Homeopathy, Allopathy, Unani. Plant is native to task as, their identification, properties and uses were Himalayas at an elevation of 2000 to 3500 metere explained clearly. This ancient study can be classified and also found in Nilgiri Mountains. In Ayurveda it as follows- is mainly used Netra Roga, Pandu, Kamala, Kushtha, Mutrakruccha, Pratishyaya, Prameha. Clinical and 2.1.1. Veda kala experimental studies shows that it shows antioxida- In Vedic literature, “Kesava paddati” describes tive, antiinflamatory,anticancer, hepatoprotective, “Daruharidra” along with “Haridra” in the manage- immunomodulatory properties. ment of “Khalitya” for topical application.1 Some of the major formulations of Da- 2.1.2. Upanishad and Purana kala ruharidra are Rasanjana, Dashang Lepa, Daryadi Kwath, Mahamanjisthadi Kashayam, Mahayograj During the time of Upanishad, references regarding Guggulu, Khadiradi Vati. In this article Daruharidra Daruharidra have not been found. But in Brahmana is explained in detail by quoting all the references grantha this Daruharidra was found in the name of from Brihatrayis like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Peetadaru and Haridru.2 Samhita, Ashtanga Sangrha, and Nighantus like Bha- vaprakasha, Raja Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu 2.1.3 Samhita Kala etc, the detailed descriptions regarding the taxonomi- cal classification, macroscopic, microscopic, mor- In Charaka samhita, this drug mentioned in different phology, pharmacological actions are explained in contexts synonyms like Darunisa, Darvi, Daruharid- modern review of the drug. ra etc., totally 79 times we can see in different Sthanas. Similarly in Shushruta Samhita description *Corresponding Author: Chaudhary Vivek Muralidhar. M.D. (Dravyaguna), Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Sumatibhai Shah Ayurved Mahavidya- laya, Hadapsar, Pune, MS, India. Email – [email protected]. 153 Chaudhary VM, Kokate KK - A comprehensive review of Daruharidra (Berberis Aristata). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Review Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 of Daruharidra 38 different contexts and in Ashtanga Rasa: Katu, Tikta hridraya it has explained in 69 different contexts. Vipak: Katu Veerya: Ushna 2.1.4. Nighantu Kala Guna: Ushna, Ruksha This Daruharidra is mentioned in almost all Nighan- 2.6. Modern Review of Daruharidra18 tus like, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Madanapala Nighantu, Raja Nighantu Latin name: Berberis aristata Dc. etc., and they were explained in different Vargas. Berberis: Belonging to the Berberis family Aristata: Furnished with an elongated projecting 2.1.5. Aadhunika Kala bristle, in connection with the costa (rib). Berberidae: From Berberys (Arabic name). Dr. P. V. Sharma explained it as hepatoprotective. In Shaligrama Nighantu, Nighantu Adarsha and in Pri- 2.6.1. Taxonomical Classification ya Nighantu explained under different Vargas. Other authors like Nadakarni, Kirithikar Basu have dealt its Kingdom: Plantae different aspects like its description, morphology, Division: Phanerogamea types and therapeutic utility. Sub-division: Angiospermea Class: Dicotyledonae 2.2. Gana and Varga Sub-Class: Polypetalae Group: Thalamiflorae “Gana and Varga of Daruharidra”3-16 are mentioned Natural Order: Ranales in detail in Table No. 1. Family: Berberidaceae 2.3. Vernacular Names17 Genus: Berberis Species: aristata Arabic: Aargis, Ambarbaris. Bengali: Daruharidra 2.6.2. Habitat Bhutia: Tsema This species is native to Nepal, globally distributed Canarese: Bagisutra in India, Nepal and Bhutan. Within India, it has been English: Indian Barberry, Tree Turmeric recorded in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Greek: Lykion indikoc Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim between an altitude range Gujrati: Daruhalad of 2000 - 3500 meters, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Hindi: Chitra, Chotra, Dahaldi, Kashmal, Kash- Nadu. mar, Raswat Kannada: Doddamaradarisina 2.6.3. Characteristic features of family Berberida- Malayalam: Maradarisina, Maramanjal ceae Marathi: Daruhalad Oriya: Daruharidra, Daruhalidi Glabrous herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Punjabi: Chitra, Kasmal, Simlu, Sumlu, Da- Leaves -Simple or compound, rarely stipulate. Flow- ruhaldi ers -Hermaphrodite or rarely diclinous, regular, axil- Tamil: Mullukala, Usikkala, Garamenjal lary, solitary or in simple compound racemes, usually Telgu: Kasturipuspu yellow or white. Sepals - Often petaloid, 3 – 9, in 1 – Urdu: Darhald 3 whorls. Petals -Equal in number to the sepals or twice as many and like them caduceus. Stamens-4 – 2.4. Bheda 8, usually 6, opposite to the petals; filaments free or connate; anthers bursting by two apical valves or According to Nighantu Aadarsh there are two types- longitudinally. Carpel- 1-3, rarely more, distinct, stig- Kashmal; Found in Nilgiri mountains. ma usually peltate. Fruit- 1-3 berries or capsule, usu- Chitra: By this variety “Rasut” is prepared and ally indehiscent. the fruits are available in the name of “Jarisht”. 2.6.4. Characteristic features of genus Berberis 2.5. Rasapanchak (Tourni) Linn 154 Chaudhary VM, Kokate KK - A comprehensive review of Daruharidra (Berberis Aristata). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Review Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 Habit – Erect shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves - crystals; broad zone of secondary phloem consist- Simple, alternative or fascicled in the axils of 3 – 5.7 ing of sieve elements and phloem fibers, trav- partial or rarely simple Spines, entire or more often ersed by multi seriate phloem rays; sieve elements spiny toothed. Flowers – Small yellow, solitary fas- found in tangential bands with single to five rows cicled, or in bracteates simple or compound recemes. of phloem fibers, lignified, thick-walled phloem Sepals – 6, petaloid, imbricate in two whorls. Petals fibers having pointed ends, broad secondary xy- – 6, imbricate in two whorls, usually with 2 glands lem consisting of tracheids, xylem vessels, xylem inside at the base. Stamens – 6, free, dehiscing by fibers and traversed by multi seriate xylem rays. ascending valves. Carpel – 1. Fruit – A berry, blue Numerous medium sized xylem vessels distributed or red. throughout xylem region in groups or in singles, 19 groups of radially arranged vessels cylindrical with 2.6.5. Morphology of Berberis aristata Dc rounded or projected at one or both ends with spiral thickening; xylem fibers numerous, lignified, large, Habit – A large deciduous shrub usually 1.8 – 3.6m thick-walled with wide lumen, and pointed tips; mul- high but attaining 4.5m. with stem 20cm. diameter. ti-seriate xylem rays consisting of radially rectangu- Twigs – white to pale yellowish brown in color. lar cells, each ray 30-53 cells high, 8-12 cells wide, Bark – Pale brown, closely deep furrowed, rough in a few ray cells containing brown contents. nature. Leaves – 3.8 to 10 by 1.5to 3.3cm., obo- vate to elliptic in shape, entire margin or toothed, Powder base gradually narrowed, reticulate nerves, glossy dark green above, glossy pale green. Petiole – 0 or Yellow in color, fragments of cork cells, yellow col- distinct up to 4mm. Inflorescence – A simple droop- ored phloem fibers, sieve elements, stone cells in ing raceme, 2.5 – 7.5cm. long, dense-flowered. Pedi- singles or in groups, numerous prismatic crystals cels – Stout, 4 – 6mm. long. Fruit – 7 – 10mm. long, of calcium oxalate, thick-walled lignified xylem ovoid, blue-black with a thick pale bloom; style dis- fibers, xylem vessels having spiral thickening. tinct. Identity, purity and strength22 2.7. Microscopic and Macroscopic structures of Berberis aristata Dc stem Foreign matter not more than 2 per