University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2015 It Takes a Village: Placing Middle Rocky Mountain high altitude residential sites of the Late Prehistoric Firehole Phase into a broader regional context Bryon Alan Schroeder The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Schroeder, Bryon Alan, "It Takes a Village: Placing Middle Rocky Mountain high altitude residential sites of the Late Prehistoric Firehole Phase into a broader regional context" (2015). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4607. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4607 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. It Takes a Village: Placing Middle Rocky Mountain high altitude residential sites of the Late Prehistoric Firehole Phase into a broader regional context. By Bryon Alan Schroeder MA Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 2010 BA Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 2006 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Anthropology, Cultural Heritage The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2015 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Anna Marie Prentiss Anthropology Department Greg Campbell Anthropology Department Kelly Dixon Anthropology Department Pei-Lin-Yu BSU Anthropology Department Steven Sherriff Geoscience Department David Beck History Department Native American Studies © COPYRIGHT by Bryon Schroeder 2015 All Rights Reserved ii Schroeder, Bryon, PhD, Spring 2015 Major Anthropology It Takes a Village: Placing Middle Rocky Mountain high altitude residential sites of the Late Prehistoric Firehole Phase into a broader regional context Chairperson: Anna Marie Prentiss Abstract: This dissertation presents three separate articles in different stages of peer-review all focused on late Late Prehistoric (AD 1300 to contact) residential occupations, in the Wind River Range and Shirley Basin of Wyoming. These articles cover survey results in in the Wind River Range of Wyoming, Shoshone ethnic interpretations associated with Late Prehistoric artifact assemblages, and a lithic analysis from the excavated interior of domestic structure at an alpine and basin location of the Firehole Phase. These articles broaden the research agenda of high-altitude sites to downplay the role of ethnicity and include adjacent sites of the Wyoming Basin. In focusing research on multiple sites across diverse ecosystems specific of the Firehole Phase it enables macroevolutionary studies of mid-latitude hunter-gathering groups to advance. iii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ........................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 9 Study Location. ......................................................................................................................... 12 Site Background ........................................................................................................................ 13 High Rise Village Site. .............................................................................................................. 14 Shirley Basin Lodge Site ........................................................................................................... 15 Beyond Ethnicity ....................................................................................................................... 17 RESEARCH TRENDS AND CONTRIBUTIONS ...................................................................... 18 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................. 25 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 27 RESEARCH OVERVIEW FOR THE MIDDLE ROCKY MOUNTAINS ................................. 29 Middle Rocky Mountain Chronologies ..................................................................................... 33 NORTHERN WIND RIVER FIELD SURVEY RESULTS ........................................................ 36 Site Types .................................................................................................................................. 38 Relative and Chronometric Dates ............................................................................................. 42 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH ............................................................................... 44 Future Research ........................................................................................................................ 48 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 50 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 51 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................................. 52 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................. 63 Early Use of Ethnicity – Sides Defined ..................................................................................... 66 ETHNICITY DEFINED ............................................................................................................... 68 The Primordial Approach ......................................................................................................... 70 The Instrumental Approach ...................................................................................................... 71 What is Ethnicity? ..................................................................................................................... 72 Ethnicity in Archaeology........................................................................................................... 73 THE NUMIC SPREAD: A CASE STUDY.................................................................................. 76 The Wind River Shoshone or Eastern Shoshone and the Mountain Shoshone ......................... 79 Historic Encounters .................................................................................................................. 80 Current Middle Rocky Mountain Numic Research ................................................................... 82 4 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 85 Promising Work for the Future ................................................................................................. 86 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 88 REFRENCES CITED ................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................... 102 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 104 Seasonal mobility .................................................................................................................... 107 LITHIC ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 110 MANA Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 112 Classification Methods and Definitions .................................................................................. 114 Stone Tool Classification ........................................................................................................ 114 Flake Classification ................................................................................................................ 115 Proximity to Lithic Sources ..................................................................................................... 116 Lithic Sources.......................................................................................................................... 116 Non-local Sources ................................................................................................................... 117 Exotic Sources ......................................................................................................................... 117 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................