Appendices Road Traffic Air Quality Management June 2014 Copyright http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ © State of Queensland (Department of Transport and Main Roads) 2014 Feedback: Please send your feedback regarding this document to: [email protected] Road Traffic Air Quality Management, Transport and Main Roads, June 2014 Amendment Register Issue / Reference Description of revision Authorised by Date Rev no. section 1 June 2014 Road Traffic Air Quality Management, Transport and Main Roads, June 2014 i Contents Appendix A – Modelling Example ......................................................................................................... 5 1 Example 1 – Road emissions ....................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Emissions ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 CALINE4 line source dispersion model .......................................................................................... 6 2 Example 2 - Construction emissions .........................................................................................10 2.1 Input parameters ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Pollutants modelled ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Emission factors used ................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Source estimates .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Dispersion modelling .................................................................................................................... 14 Appendix B – Tunnels ..........................................................................................................................17 1 Tunnels .........................................................................................................................................17 2 Internal air quality guidelines .....................................................................................................17 3 Parameters relevant to emission rates ......................................................................................17 3.1 Gradient ........................................................................................................................................ 17 3.2 Speed ............................................................................................................................................ 17 3.3 Emissions estimation .................................................................................................................... 17 3.4 Dispersion modelling .................................................................................................................... 18 Appendix C – Climate Change Impact Assessment .........................................................................20 1 Assessment – GHG emissions and mitigation measures .......................................................20 2 Assessment – Climate change risks and adaptation measures .............................................20 3 Calculation methods ...................................................................................................................20 Appendix D – Assessment of Potential Air Quality Impacts of Busway Projects .........................21 1 Objectives .....................................................................................................................................21 1.1 Document overview ...................................................................................................................... 21 2 Assessment philosophy .............................................................................................................22 3 Air pollutants of concern ............................................................................................................23 3.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Pollutants of interest to the Department of Transport and Main Roads ....................................... 24 4 Transport emission factors ........................................................................................................25 4.1 South-east Queensland bus fleet ................................................................................................. 25 4.1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................25 4.1.2 Options .........................................................................................................................26 4.2 Urban vehicle fleet ........................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.1 Background ..................................................................................................................29 4.2.2 Options .........................................................................................................................30 5 Air Quality Design standards .....................................................................................................31 5.1 Ambient Air Quality ....................................................................................................................... 31 Road Traffic Air Quality Management, Transport and Main Roads, June 2014 ii 5.2 In-tunnel air quality ....................................................................................................................... 32 6 Existing air quality .......................................................................................................................33 6.1 Ambient air monitoring .................................................................................................................. 33 6.1.1 When is monitoring necessary? ...................................................................................33 6.1.2 How much monitoring is required? ...............................................................................34 6.1.3 What methods should be used for monitoring? ............................................................34 6.2 Characterisation of background levels ......................................................................................... 35 7 Project information requirements ..............................................................................................36 7.1 Alignment information ................................................................................................................... 36 7.1.1 Busway and road alignments .......................................................................................36 7.1.2 Gradients ......................................................................................................................38 7.1.3 Intersections .................................................................................................................38 7.1.4 Signalling information ...................................................................................................38 7.1.5 Acceleration of buses away from intersections and/or traffic lights .............................38 7.2 Tunnels ......................................................................................................................................... 39 7.2.1 Alignment and gradients ...............................................................................................39 7.2.2 Tunnel length and ventilation options ...........................................................................39 7.3 Traffic information ......................................................................................................................... 39 7.3.1 Bus volumes .................................................................................................................39 7.3.2 General vehicle traffic volumes ....................................................................................40 7.3.3 Traffic speeds ...............................................................................................................40 7.4 Fleet information ........................................................................................................................... 41 7.4.1 Fleet composition .........................................................................................................41 7.4.2 Fleet emissions inventory .............................................................................................42 8 Assessment tools and their application ....................................................................................47 8.1 Dispersion models ........................................................................................................................ 47 8.1.1 CALINE4 .......................................................................................................................47 8.1.2 CAL3QHCR ..................................................................................................................48