Detailed Table of Contents Preface ...............................................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................ xxi Chapter 1 Systems and Enablers: Modeling the Impact of Contemporary Computational Methods and Technologies on the Design Process ....................................................................................................... 1 Michael J. Ostwald, The University of Newcastle, Australia This chapter presents a conceptual model of the architectural design process, spanning from ideation to realization, but not focused on stages in the process. Instead, the model identifies four primary meta-systems in design (representational, proportional, indexical, and operational) that are connected through, and supported by, a range of enabling tools and technologies. The purpose of developing this model is to support a heightened understanding of the parallel evolution of the design process and of enabling technologies. Thereafter, the chapter introduces seven recent trends in computational design and technology, each of which serves to enable the design process. The seven developments are: Build- ing Information Modeling (BIM), parametric design, generative design, collaborative design, digital fabrication, augmented reality, and intelligent environments. The chapter offers a critical review of proposed definitions of each of these technologies along with a discussion of their role as a catalyst for change in the design process. Chapter 2 Novel Concepts in Digital Design ........................................................................................................ 18 Rivka Oxman, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel New media and methodologies are being employed in changing the conceptual understanding of what digital design is and may become. New experience is beginning to emerge in relation to novel key design concepts, computational methods, and digital technologies in the use of, and interaction with, digital media in design. The chapter describes an experimental program, the objective of which was to identify and map novel design concepts and relevant methodologies of digital design. In making the survey, analysis, and the categorization of relevant concepts and emerging precedents in this field, the authors made an attempt to formulize a theoretical basis for the conceptual mapping of this field. The conceptual mapping of this field is termed DDNET: Digital Design Network. The DDNET is a seman- tic system divided into the following conceptual levels: Key-concepts, sub-concepts, computational models and techniques, and precedent level. As a first step in this research, the authors made a survey of emerging knowledge from both praxis and theoretical resources, and then formulated and presented proposed set of design models, concepts, relevant methodologies, and precedents. Next, the authors mapped a network representation around leading key-conecpts. The final step was to accommodate and apply this representation as a new basis for a pedagogical experiment in teaching digital design. The research has been conducted in Experimental Digital Design Studio in the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning at the Technion, Israel. Chapter 3 Slow Computing: Teaching Generative Design with Shape Grammars ............................................... 34 Terry Knight, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA This chapter describes the teaching of shape grammars within an architectural design program. De- veloped over thirty years ago, shape grammars remain today a distinctive computational paradigm – a slow paradigm – for generative design. Shape grammars are visual and perceptual and, at root, non- digital. They are expressive and interpretive, as well as creative and generative. They foster unhurried, reflective design computing. To promote these unique computational features, shape grammars are taught using a manual approach in a collaborative, learning-by-making environment. An overview of the teaching of shape grammars at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is given here. The potentials and challenges for slow computing versus fast computing by machine, in teaching and in design practice, are considered. Chapter 4 Learning Parametric Designing ............................................................................................................ 56 Marc Aurel Schnabel, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Parametric designing, its instruments, and techniques move architectural design education towards novel avenues of deep learning. Akin to learning and working environments of engineering and manufactur- ing, it offers similar advantages for architects. Yet it is not as simple as using another tool; parametric designing fundamentally shifts the engagement with the design problem. Parametric designing allows architects to be substantially deeper involved in the overall design and development process extending it effectively beyond production and lifecycle. Leaning parametric design strategies enhance architects’ critical engagement with their designs and their communication. Subsequently, the computational aid of parametric modelling alters substantially how and what students learn and architects practice. Chapter 5 Direct Building Manufacturing of Homes with Digital Fabrication ..................................................... 71 Lawrence Sass, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Architecture, engineering, and construction industries maintain a long standing desire to enhance design communication through various forms of 3D CAD modeling. In spite the introduction of Build- ing Information Modeling (BIM), designers and builders expect varying amounts of communication loss once construction has started due to indirect construction techniques or hand based methods to manufacture buildings. This is especially true for houses and small structures, buildings that makeup the core of villages and suburbs. Unfortunately, paper documentation and reading 3D CAD models on screen continue the trend of indirect production defined in most manufacturing industries as error. The emerging application of CAD/CAM within design and construction industries provides hope for elevated communication between design and building. With CAD/CAM, it is possible to manufac- ture buildings of all types and sizes directly from CAD files similar to mass produced artifacts, thus reducing complexity in communication between parties. This chapter is presentation of one process of direct manufacturing from CAD and the emerging possibilities for small building production using digital fabrication. The chapter will focus on houses to illustrate the potential of direct manufacturing of buildings from CAD data. Chapter 6 Building Information Modeling and Professional Practice .................................................................. 83 Dennis R. Shelden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA The practice of architecture is changing rapidly due to an influx of new technical, procedural, and organizational innovations in the building delivery process. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a key technical component of this evolution in practice, encompassing newly available modeling, fabrication, and communications technologies. BIM represents a key enabler of other innovations, by creating value and incentives for rethinking aspects of conventional practice, from contractual roles and responsibilities to the format and content of project information. Chapter 7 Advancing BIM in Academia: Explorations in Curricular Integration ............................................... 101 Karen M. Kensek, University of Southern California, USA In the early stages of the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM), the AEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction) professionals were often the leaders, and some university faculty were caught unprepared. More recently, many universities have responded to the adoption of BIM technologies in the profession. No single approach to BIM curricula will suffice; each academic program is different, with unique and often innovative ways in accomplishing its goals of BIM integration. At USC, School of Architecture, rather than concentrating on a single strategy, multi-dimensional approaches are being developed that include at their core the recognition that the building delivery professions and academia must be better integrated, communication and interoperability are key components, and that BIM is one step, albeit with flaws, towards developing fully parametric design solutions. BIM technology should be broadly integrated throughout the curriculum; advanced seminars should stress interoperability and sustainability components; and the schools have a mission to outreach to the profession through con- ference hosting and executive education while being receptive to professionals’ advice. Not everyone is in agreement as to how this can be done or what methods should be implemented, and similar to the integration of CAD software and 3D modeling over the past 20 years, dissenting voices, heated dialogues, and solutions born in the crucible of academic/professional debate will accompany change. Chapter 8 Applying BIM in Design Curriculum ................................................................................................. 122 Clark Cory,