• Coleoptera – ca. 400.000 species, 204 families; 38% • Lepidoptera – ca. 180.000 species, 126 families; 17% • Hymenoptera – ca. 155.000 species, 132 families; 15% Diversity of insects • Diptera – ca. 125.000 species, 241 families; 12% • Hemiptera – ca. 82.000 species, 300 families; 8% • other insects – ca. 100.000 species; 10% INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2016/04 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Erathem / Era System / Period GSSP GSSP age (Ma) GSSP GSSP Eonothem /Eon Erathem /Era System /Period Eonothem /Eon Erathem /Era System /Period age (Ma) Eonothem /Eon Erathem /Era System /Period age (Ma) / Eon GSSA age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 541.0 ±1.0 y Holocene r Ediacaran 0.0117 Tithonian a Upper 152.1 ±0.9 Famennian ~ 635 n Neo- Cryogenian r 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Middle Upper proterozoic ~ 720 e 157.3 ±1.0 t Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 a Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian u 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian Callovian 1000 n c 166.1 ±1.2 Q Gelasian 2.58 i 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Bathonian a s Piacenzian Middle 168.3 ±1.3 i s Bajocian Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 170.3 ±1.4 n Meso- a 387.7 ±0.8 o Middle Ectasian Zanclean r Aalenian c v proterozoic 5.333 i u 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 e o Messinian J 393.3 ±1.2 e Toarcian z 7.246 D Calymmian n 182.7 ±0.7 o r 1600 e Tortonian Emsian 11.63 c i e g Pliensbachian t Statherian o Lower o Serravallian 407.6 ±2.6 190.8 ±1.0 Lower o 13.82 z 1800 r e Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 n o c i Langhian Sinemurian P N a Orosirian 15.97 s i o 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian r Paleo- e z Burdigalian Hettangian 2050 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 b proterozoic o 20.44 M Rhyacian m n Aquitanian Rhaetian Pridoli a e 23.03 ~ 208.5 423.0 ±2.3 2300 Ludfordian c C 425.6 ±0.9 Chattian Ludlow e Siderian n 28.1 Gorstian 427.4 ±0.5 r Oligocene Upper Norian a 2500 P i c Homerian r Rupelian i Wenlock 430.5 ±0.7 Neo- u s ~ 227 33.9 l Sheinwoodian 433.4 ±0.8 archean i s a 2800 Priabonian Carnian S e i Telychian 37.8 r ~ 237 n n Llandovery 438.5 ±1.1 Meso- Bartonian T a e 41.2 Ladinian Aeronian 440.8 ±1.2 archean c c c e g ~ 242 i Eocene i Middle i Rhuddanian c h o Lutetian 3200 o o o 443.8 ±1.5 Anisian i c e z z z 247.2 o Hirnantian l 47.8 445.2 ±1.4 r Paleo- o o o z a Olenekian 251.2 A r r Lower r Ypresian o Katian archean P e e Induan 252.17 ±0.06 e Upper 56.0 e l n n n 3600 Changhsingian 254.14 ±0.07 453.0 ±0.7 n a a Thanetian a a 59.2 Lopingian Sandbian Eo- a h h h P Wuchiapingian i Paleocene Selandian 458.4 ±0.9 259.8 ±0.4 c archean P P P 61.6 i Capitanian v Darriwilian 4000 Danian 265.1 ±0.4 Middle 66.0 o 467.3 ±1.1 Guadalupian Wordian d n 268.8 ±0.5 r Dapingian 470.0 ±1.4 Hadean Maastrichtian a i Roadian O ~ 4600 72.1 ±0.2 272.3 ±0.5 Floian m Campanian r Lower 477.7 ±1.4 Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global e Kungurian 283.5 ±0.6 Tremadocian Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower 83.6 ±0.2 P boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long 485.4 ±1.9 Upper Santonian 86.3 ±0.5 Artinskian defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and Cisuralian 290.1 ±0.26 Stage 10 detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website Coniacian ~ 489.5 c http://www.stratigraphy.org. The URL to this chart is found below. 89.8 ±0.3 i Sakmarian 295.0 ±0.18 Furongian Jiangshanian Turonian o s ~ 494 z Asselian Paibian Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define uni ts in c 93.9 298.9 ±0.15 u o i ~ 497 n the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries o e o a Cenomanian l Gzhelian Guzhangian i in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained e Upper 303.7 ±0.1 z n 100.5 a ~ 500.5 c numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided. a o Kasimovian 307.0 ±0.1 P n v a Series 3 Drumian s l t a Albian y ~ 504.5 s e Middle Moscovian i e s Numerical ages for all systems except Lower Pleistocene, r r u Stage 5 ~ 113.0 n 315.2 ±0.2 M Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from b n o C ~ 509 r e ‘A Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); Aptian Lower Bashkirian m Stage 4 e P those for the Lower Pleistocene, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous f 323.2 ±0.4 a ~ 125.0 i Series 2 ~ 514 were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions. n C n Upper Serpukhovian Stage 3 o Barremian a i 330.9 ±0.2 b Coloring follows the Commission for the Lower ~ 129.4 p ~ 521 r p Geological Map of the World (http://www.ccgm.org) i Hauterivian a Stage 2 ~ 132.9 s Middle Visean s C i ~ 529 Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard s 346.7 ±0.4 Valanginian Terreneuvian (c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, April 2016 s ~ 139.8 i Fortunian Berriasian M Lower Tournaisian To cite: Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) ~ 145.0 358.9 ±0.4 541.0 ±1.0 The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36: 199-204. URL: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2016-04.pdf Delitzschala bitterfeldensis Strudiella devonica Garrouste et al., 2012 Brauckmann et Schneider, 1996 Fammenian, Devonian; Strud, Namur, Belgium Arnsbergian (Namurian A), Late Mississippian, Germany System and classification: Ordo: Hemiptera Linnaeus, 1758 Subordines: †Paleorrhyncha Carpenter, 1931 Sternorrhyncha Duméril, 1806 Fulgoromorpha Evans, 1946 Cicadomorpha Evans, 1946 Coleorrhyncha Myers et China, 1929 Heteroptera Latreille, 1810 300 families known (recently 178 present), the highest number among the insects! Hemiptera (Thripida included) – paraphyletic unit Hypothesis of head and mouthpart morphologies in Acercaria (Paraneoptera) (Huang et al. 2016) (a) Psocodean groundpattern (also present in Hypoperlidae). (b) Permopsocidan groundpattern. (c) Thripidan groundpattern, reconstructed after the head of an adult Tubulifera, and Moundthrips. (d) Hemipteran groundpattern. Mandible: blue; maxilla: brown; anterior part of gena (mandibular lobe): yellow; posterior part of gena (maxillary lobe?): green. Ant.cl. anteclypeus; Cl.F. clypeo-frons; F. frons; Post.cl. postclypeus. S y n a p o m o r p h i e s o f t h e H e m i p t e r a : mouthparts developed into suctorial beak, with two pairs of mandibular and maxillary stylets lying in a long, grooved labium; maxillary and labial palps lost; ocelli close to compound eyes, median ocellus near postclypeus; veins ScP+R+M+CuA fused at base as common stem; transverse veinlet cua-cup developed in various degree vein ScP fused with RA, vein MA completely fused with vein RP; tarsi 3-segmented; cerci reduced; primarily, nymphs oval, flattened dorsoventrally, with short legs; chitin-protein peritrophic membrane lost replaced by lipoprotein perimicrovillar membrane Possible synapomorphies (modern forms): hind legs jumping, hind tibia with apical rows formed by teeth provided with setae; first two tarsomeres enlarged; HYPOPERLIDA other Psocoptera Psocodea Liposcelidae Phthiraptera AMBLYCERA ISCHNOCERA RHYNCOPTHIRINA ANOPLURA HOLOMETABOLA PERMOPSOCIDA THRIPIDA PALEORRHYNCHA Hemiptera STERNORRHYNCHA FULGOROMORPHA CICADOMORPHA COLEORRHYNCHA HETEROPTERA Generally speaking, evolutionary processes may be dominated by biotic factors, as in the Red Queen model, or abiotic factors, as in the Court Jester model, or a mixture of both. These two models appear to operate predominantly over different geographic and temporal scales: competition, predation, parasitism and other biotic factors shape ecosystems locally and over short time spans, but extrinsic factors such as climate and tectonic events shape larger-scale patterns regionally and globally, and through thousands and millions of years. The current studies suggest that Hemiptera evolution is driven largely by abiotic factors such as climate, landscape, but biotic factors as food supply or new niches occupation are important factors for lineages formation. Comparative phylogenetic approach offer new insights into Hemiptera clade dynamics. Benton 2009 “It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.” The Red Queen, Through the Looking-Glass, Lewis Carroll. “I believe whatever doesn’t kill you, simply makes you…. stranger.” Joker, The Dark Knight, Christopher Nolan. The Red Queen hypothesis was originally used to describe competition between species being the driving factor behind the large number of species we see today. Another hypothesis, known as the Court Jester hypothesis suggests that changes in species may result not due to competition between species, but due to random geological or climate events that act as the driving force behind evolution, and the formation of new species. … another player in the game of the Hemiptera evolution is involved – The Red King.