FORD FOUNDATION PUBLISHED BY THE FORD FOUNDATION IN ASSOCIATION WITH EQUINOX PUBLISHING (ASIA) PTE. LTD. WWW. FORDFOUND. ORG WWW. EQUINOXPUBLISHING. COM EDITORIAL BOARD Suzanne E. Siskel Mary S. Zurbuchen Philip Yampolsky Mark Hanusz PRINCIPAL AUTHOR Goenawan Mohamad INTERVIEWS AND SIDEBARS Sandra Hamid Andreas Harsono Laksmi Pamuntjak TRANSLATION AND EDITING John H. McGlynn Patrick Kavanagh Irfan Kortschak Nasiruddin Budi Setiyono Linda Owens Paul Dillon PHOTO RESEARCH Suli Widodowati Untung H. Bimo John Hanusz I Putu Bagus Yogi ©2003 Ford Foundation ISBN 979-97964-1-5 No part of this work may be used for any purpose without written consent from the Ford Foundation. All rights reserved. Women from a Tengger village in East Java, 1990. Introduction: A Time for Celebration ......... 9 ————————————————CHAPTER ONE———————————————— No Ivory Tower ...................................................................35 Sayuti Hasibuan ................................................................ 39 Selo Soemardjan ............................................................... 53 Daoed Joesoef .................................................................. 43 An Evening with the Technocrats ...................................... 58 Institution-Builder: Sumitro Djojohadikusumo ................ 46 A Palace for the Arts in Ubud ............................................ 62 Technocrat Number One: Widjojo Nitisastro..................... 50 ————————————————CHAPTER TWO———————————————— America, America................................................................69 Mayling Oey-Gardiner ....................................................... 73 Sukadji Ranuwihardjo ...................................................... 91 The Green Revolution: Indonesia Feeds Itself................... 74 Mely G. Tan........................................................................ 95 Sajogyo ............................................................................. 77 Sophie Sarwono ................................................................ 97 Public Defenders: The Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation . 80 A Short Hiatus ................................................................. 100 Haryono Suyono ............................................................... 83 ————————————————CHAPTER THREE———————————————— Petroleum, Policies, and Protests .......................................103 Syahrir ............................................................................ 107 Sartono Kartodirdjo........................................................ 123 Civil Society and State: The Family Planning Campaign . 108 A Public Intellectual: Soedjatmoko................................. 124 Ibrahim Alfian................................................................. 113 Rumors, Plots, and Conspiracies: The Ramparts Article ... 126 Juwono Sudarsono ......................................................... 117 Taufik Abdullah .............................................................. 129 Anugerah Pekerti ............................................................ 119 Thee Kian Wie ................................................................. 131 The Professor Who Loved Indonesia .............................. 120 ————————————————CHAPTER FOUR———————————————— The Mantra of Unity ........................................................135 Augustinus Rumansara ................................................... 137 Laso’ Sombolinggi’ ........................................................... 157 Preserving the Past: Manuscripts and Microfilms ........... 138 Nursyahbani Katjasungkana ........................................... 159 Erna Witoelar ................................................................. 143 Tony Djogo ...................................................................... 165 Charles Suryadi............................................................... 145 Helmi .............................................................................. 169 Ninuk Widyantoro .......................................................... 147 Comic Energy: Umar Kayam ........................................... 170 Zohra Andi Baso ............................................................. 149 Edi Sedyawati.................................................................. 174 Nyoman Sutawan ............................................................ 151 Endo Suanda ................................................................... 177 Sandra Moniaga .............................................................. 155 ————————————————CHAPTER FIVE———————————————— A Journey, A Nation..........................................................181 Taboos Overturned: Freedom of Expression ................... 184 Lies Marcoes-Natsir ......................................................... 209 Amna Kusumo................................................................. 187 Irid Agoes ........................................................................ 211 Women’s Rights: Reinterpreting Classical Texts .............. 188 Boosting Books: Program Pustaka.................................. 212 Maria Hartiningsih .......................................................... 191 Lilis N. Husna ................................................................... 213 Sarah Lery Mboeik ......................................................... 193 Dede Oetomo .................................................................. 215 Music of Indonesia: The Smithsonian/MSPI CDs ............ 194 Ratna Riantiarno ............................................................ 217 Rizal Mallarangeng ......................................................... 197 Fred Wibowo ................................................................... 219 Stepanus Djuweng .......................................................... 199 Ribut Susanto .................................................................. 221 Zoemrotin K. Susilo ........................................................ 202 Yayah Khisbiyah .............................................................. 223 Farha Ciciek.................................................................... 203 List of Acronyms ..................................... 228 Sources Consulted................................... 230 Index....................................................... 231 Photo Credits .......................................... 235 Staff and Consultants in Indonesia.......... 236 8 INTRODUCTION A TIME FOR CELEBRATION 9 INTRODUCTION A TIME FOR CELEBRATION he story of the Ford Foundation’s half century in Indonesia resonates with the great motifs of nation- building, development and modernization that T th shaped international relations in the second half of the 20 century. It is also a chronicle of one of the United States’ leading philanthropic organizations as it sought to play an effective and relevant role in a rapidly-changing world. The Foundation’s work in Indonesia and elsewhere is grounded in the culture of American philanthropy, which emerged in the late 1800s from a unique combination of the United States’ industrial expansion, ideals of social reform, and a system of government taxation providing incentives for the charitable giving of private wealth. The Foundation has never functioned as a charity, in the sense of providing direct relief or services to those in need. Instead it is a philanthropy, defined in the dictionary as “an active effort to promote human welfare.” The Foundation works to effect positive change in strategically chosen areas of endeavor. Its mission statement expresses and elaborates this basic purpose through four overarching goals: strengthen democratic values, reduce poverty and injustice, promote international cooperation, and advance human achievement. Displaying hand-woven ikat textiles in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, 2003. Facilitating the transmisson of traditional arts – including weaving – across generations is a theme of the Foundation’s arts and culture grantmaking. 10 INTRODUCTION The Ford Foundation was established in 1936 as a local Of those countries where the Foundation initiated philanthropy in the state of Michigan, using gifts of stock in overseas work in the 1950s, there are only two in which it the Ford Motor Company from Henry and Edsel Ford. remains active: India (where the field office opened in 1952) Following the global turmoil and destruction of World War II, and Indonesia (opened in 1953). In Asia today, the Foundation and anticipating additional bequests from Ford family estates, also has offices in China and Vietnam, but over time it has had the Foundation commissioned a study (known as the “Gaither resident Representatives in Bangladesh, Burma, Japan, Malaysia, Report”) to assess new options and directions for its work. In Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand. Indonesia was viewed 1950, the Foundation’s trustees made the historic decision to as “a country of unique significance” in early Foundation expand the organization to become a national and an memoranda, because of its rapid and turbulent transition from international foundation. This decision reflected particular colony to independent state and the great need for development concern for the cause of peace: “among all the problems in of its human resources, and because – in the political thinking human relations,” the trustees stated, “the greatest challenge is of that time – Indonesia seemed to have “a reasonable chance the achievement of peace throughout the world.” The Trustees