A grammar of Mauwake Liisa Berghäll language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 4 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath Consulting Editors: Fernando Zúñiga, Peter Arkadiev, Ruth Singer, Pilar Valen zuela In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake. 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. ISSN: 2363-5568 A grammar of Mauwake Liisa Berghäll language science press Liisa Berghäll. 2015. A grammar of Mauwake (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 4). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/67 © 2015, Liisa Berghäll Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-946234-27-2 (Digital) 978-3-946234-28-9 (Hardcover) 978-3-944675-54-1 (Softcover) ISSN: 2363-5568 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Jessica Brown, Charles Lam, Constantin Freitag, Benedikt Singpiel, Sebastian Nordhoff, Felix Kopecky Proofreading: Charlotte van Tongeren, Marsha Forbes-Barnett, Christian Döhler, Stephanie Natolo, Conor Pyle, Tamara Schmidt, Michelle Natolo, Tom Gardner, Charles Ko Ka Shing, Eitan Grossmann Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. 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Contents Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations and symbols xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background .................................. 1 1.2 Purpose and theoretical orientation of the study .............. 1 1.2.1 Purpose ................................ 1 1.2.2 Theoretical considerations ...................... 2 1.2.3 Audience ............................... 3 1.2.4 On the data and examples ...................... 4 1.3 The Mauwake people, their environment and culture ........... 4 1.3.1 Geography and administration ................... 5 1.3.2 On the history of the Mauwake people ............... 5 1.3.3 Demography ............................. 8 1.3.4 Economy ............................... 10 1.3.5 Cultural notes ............................. 10 1.3.6 Mauwake kinship system ...................... 11 1.4 The Mauwake language ............................ 13 1.4.1 Genealogical affiliation and previous research ........... 13 1.4.2 Typological overview of morphological and syntactic features .. 16 1.4.2.1 Mauwake as a Trans New Guinea language ....... 16 1.4.2.2 Mauwake as an sov language .............. 19 1.4.3 Dialects ................................ 21 2 Phonology: a brief overview 25 2.1 Phonemes ................................... 25 2.1.1 Consonants .............................. 25 2.1.2 Vowels ................................. 32 2.1.3 Suprasegmentals: stress and intonation ............... 34 2.1.3.1 Stress ............................ 34 2.1.3.2 Intonation ......................... 34 2.1.4 Orthographic symbols ........................ 38 2.2 Syllables and phonotactics .......................... 39 2.2.1 Syllable patterns ........................... 39 2.2.2 Vowel sequences ........................... 39 2.2.3 Consonant sequences ......................... 41 Contents 2.3 Word ...................................... 41 2.3.1 Defining a phonological word in Mauwake ............. 41 2.3.2 Distribution of syllables in a word ................. 43 2.3.3 Morphophonology .......................... 44 2.3.3.1 Elision of word-final vowel ................ 44 2.3.3.2 Reduplication ....................... 44 2.3.3.2.1 Type 1 ...................... 45 2.3.3.2.2 Type 2: v1c1v1 - v1c1v2c2v(v3)x ........ 45 2.3.3.2.3 Type 3: v1v1c1 - v1v1c1v2x ........... 45 2.3.3.2.4 Type 4: c1v1v2 - c1v1v2x ............ 46 2.3.3.2.5 Unusual reduplications ............. 46 2.3.3.3 Past tense and medial verb suffixes ........... 47 2.3.3.4 Inchoative suffix ...................... 50 2.3.3.5 Completive aspect marker ................ 50 2.3.4 Loan words .............................. 50 3 Morphology 53 3.1 Introduction .................................. 53 3.2 Nouns ...................................... 54 3.2.1 General discussion .......................... 54 3.2.2 Nouns and adjectives: one or two word classes? .......... 55 3.2.3 Common vs. proper nouns ...................... 60 3.2.4 Alienable and inalienable possession ................ 63 3.2.5 Noun compounding ......................... 65 3.2.6 Derived nouns ............................ 71 3.2.6.1 Action nominals ...................... 72 3.2.6.2 Noun reduplication .................... 73 3.3 Adjectives ................................... 74 3.4 Quantifiers ................................... 81 3.4.1 Numerals ............................... 82 3.4.2 Non-numeral quantifiers ....................... 84 3.5 Pronouns .................................... 87 3.5.1 Introduction .............................. 87 3.5.2 Free pronouns ............................. 90 3.5.2.1 Unmarked pronouns ................... 90 3.5.2.2 Focal pronouns ...................... 94 3.5.3 Accusative pronouns ......................... 95 3.5.4 Genitive pronouns .......................... 100 3.5.5 Dative pronouns ........................... 103 3.5.6 Isolative pronouns .......................... 110 3.5.7 Restrictive pronouns ......................... 111 3.5.8 Reflexive-reciprocal pronouns .................... 112 3.5.9 Comitative pronouns ......................... 114 iv Contents 3.5.10 Primary and secondary reference of personal pronouns ...... 114 3.5.11 Use of personal pronouns in text .................. 115 3.6 Spatial deictics ................................. 116 3.6.1 The basic spatial deixis in Mauwake ................ 117 3.6.2 Demonstratives ............................ 118 3.6.3 Deictic locative adverbs ....................... 120 3.6.4 Deictic manner adverbs ....................... 122 3.7 Question words and indefinites ....................... 123 3.7.1 Question words ............................ 123 3.7.2 Indefinites ............................... 127 3.8 Verbs ...................................... 129 3.8.1 General discussion .......................... 129 3.8.1.1 Definition ......................... 129 3.8.1.2 General characteristics of verbs in Mauwake ...... 130 3.8.1.3 Verb structure ....................... 131 3.8.2 Verb derivatives ............................ 133 3.8.2.1 Derivation vs. inflection ................. 133 3.8.2.2 Category-changing derivation: verb formation ..... 134 3.8.2.2.1 Zero verb formation .............. 134 3.8.2.2.2 Inchoative suffix ................ 136 3.8.2.3 Category-maintaining derivation: suffixes ....... 138 3.8.2.3.1 Causative suffix ................. 138 3.8.2.3.2 Distributive suffix ............... 140 3.8.2.3.3 Benefactive suffix ................ 141 3.8.2.4 Derivational prefixes ................... 142 3.8.2.4.1 Reduplication .................. 142 3.8.2.4.2 Bring-prefixes .................. 144 3.8.3 Verb inflection ............................ 144 3.8.3.1 Beneficiary ......................... 145 3.8.3.2 Counterfactual ....................... 146 3.8.3.3 Mood ............................ 146 3.8.3.3.1 Indicative .................... 147 3.8.3.3.2 Imperative .................... 147 3.8.3.4 Tense and person/number in final verbs ......... 149 3.8.3.5 Medial verb marking ................... 151 3.8.3.5.1 Same-subject marking ............. 152 3.8.3.5.2 Different-subject marking ........... 153 3.8.3.5.3 Tense and medial verbs ............ 155 3.8.4 Verb classes .............................. 156 3.8.4.1 Conjugation classes .................... 157 3.8.4.2 Verb classes based on transitivity ............ 157 3.8.4.2.1 Intransitive verbs ................ 158 3.8.4.2.2 Transitive verbs ................. 159 v Contents 3.8.4.2.3 Ambitransitive verbs .............. 161 3.8.4.2.4 Object cross-referencing verbs ........ 162 3.8.4.3 Valence changes ...................... 164 3.8.4.3.1 Causatives .................... 164 3.8.4.3.2 Benefactive ................... 167 3.8.4.3.3 Decreasing semantic valence ......... 167 3.8.4.4 Semantically based verb classes ............. 168 3.8.4.4.1 Stative/existential verb ik- ........... 168 3.8.4.4.2 Position-taking verbs .............. 171 3.8.4.4.3 Location verbs ................. 172 3.8.4.4.4 Resultative verbs ................ 172 3.8.4.4.5 Directional verbs ................ 173 3.8.4.4.6 Utterance verbs ................. 176 3.8.4.4.7 Impersonal experience verbs ......... 181 3.8.4.5 Auxiliary verbs ...................... 182 3.8.5 Verbal clusters ............................ 183 3.8.5.1 Verbal groups ....................... 184 3.8.5.1.1 Main verb plus auxiliary: