2 RENAISSANCE HISTORY, ART AND CULTURE Prajda Early Renaissance 1378-1433 Florence, Network and Migration in Katalin Prajda Network and Migration in Early Renaissance Florence, 1378-1433 Friends of Friends in the Kingdom of Hungary Network and Migration in Early Renaissance Florence, 1378-1433 Renaissance History, Art and Culture This series investigates the Renaissance as a complex intersection of political and cultural processes that radiated across Italian territories into wider worlds of influence, not only through Western Europe, but into the Middle East, parts of Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It will be alive to the best writing of a transnational and comparative nature and will cross canonical chronological divides of the Central Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Renaissance History, Art and Culture intends to spark new ideas and encourage debate on the meanings, extent and influence of the Renaissance within the broader European world. It encourages engagement by scholars across disciplines – history, literature, art history, musicology, and possibly the social sciences – and focuses on ideas and collective mentalities as social, political, and cultural movements that shaped a changing world from ca 1250 to 1650. Series Editors Christopher Celenza, John Hopkins Umiversity, USA Samuel Cohn, Jr. , University of Glasgow, UK Andrea Gamberini, University of Milan, Italy Geraldine Johnson, Christ Church, Oxford, UK Isabella Lazzarini, University of Molise, Italy Network and Migration in Early Renaissance Florence, 1378-1433 Friends of Friends in the Kingdom of Hungary Katalin Prajda Amsterdam University Press The publication of this book is made possible by the Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Cover illustration: Masolino, Healing of the Cripple, Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine Church, Florence The publication of the image was authorized by the Fondo edifici di Culto, administered by the Ministry of the Interior. Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Typesetting: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 94 6298 868 2 e-isbn 978 90 4854 099 0 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789462988682 nur 684 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) © KatalinPrajda / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2018 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). Table of Contents Acknowledgments 9 Introduction 11 Historical Networks 12 Sources and Structure 16 Centres and Peripheries 21 Names of Individuals and Places 22 I Florentine Networks in Europe 25 Florence During the Albizzi Regime 25 Florentines in Europe 34 Florentines in the Kingdom of Hungary 38 II The Centre of the Network: The Scolari Family 67 The Lineage 69 Pippo di Stefano Scolari, called Lo Spano 71 Matteo di Stefano Scolari 76 Andrea di Filippo Scolari 81 Filippo, Giambonino, and Lorenzo di Rinieri Scolari 85 III The Core of the Network: Friends of Blood and Marriage 93 1 The Buondelmonti/Da Montebuoni Family 95 Giovanni di messer Andrea da Montebuoni: The Archbishop 97 2 The Del Bene Family 100 Filippo di Giovanni del Bene: The Collector of Papal Revenues 101 3 The Cavalcanti Family 104 Gianozzo di Giovanni Cavalcanti: The Courtier 104 4 The Borghini Family 109 Tommaso di Domenico Borghini: The Pioneer Silk Enterpreneur 110 5 The Guicciardini Family 114 Piero di messer Luigi Guicciardini: The Ambassador 115 6 The Albizzi Family 121 Rinaldo di messer Maso degli Albizzi: The Political Ally 122 7 The Guadagni Family 126 Vieri di Vieri Guadagni: The Banker 127 8 The Altoviti Family 131 Leonardo and Martino di Caccia Altoviti: The Heirs 132 9 The Infangati Family 135 Antonio and Baldinaccio di Catellino Infangati: The In-Laws 136 10 The Della Rena Family 138 Piero di Bernardo della Rena: The In-Laws’ In-Law 139 IV The Outer Circle of the Network: Friends of Business 143 1 The Bardi Family 146 Nofri di Bardo de’Bardi: The Royal Administrator 147 2 The Melanesi (Milanesi) Family 150 Giovanni, Simone, and Tommaso di Piero Melanesi: The Double Citizens of Florence and Buda 151 3 The Falcucci Family 155 Giovanni del maestro Niccolò Falcucci: The Agent of Precious Metals 156 4 The Corsi Family 159 Simone and Tommaso di Lapo Corsi: The Third Generation of Silk Manufacturers 160 5 The Lamberteschi Family 162 Giovanni, Piero, Niccolò, and Vieri d’Andrea Lamberteschi: The Anti-Ottoman Military Captains 163 6 The Cardini Family 167 Currado di Piero Cardini: The Trading Churchman 168 7 The Capponi Family 170 Filippo di Simone Capponi: The Junior Partner of the Earliest Florentine Firm in Buda 172 8 The Fronte Family 175 Antonio and Fronte di Piero di Fronte: The Business Brothers 175 9 The Strozzi Family 179 Antonio di Bonaccorso Strozzi: The Commercial Agent 180 10 The Peruzzi Family 181 Ridolfo di Bonifazio Peruzzi: The Entrepreneur 182 V The Periphery of the Network: Friends of Commission 185 1 Goldsmiths 187 Dino di Monte and Marco di Bartolomeo Rustici 190 2 Architects 193 Filippo di ser Brunellesco Lippi, Brunelleschi 194 Manetto di Jacopo Amannatini, The Fat Woodcarver 197 3 Painters 204 Tommaso di Cristofano di Fino, Masolino 207 Conclusions: Network and Migration 211 Appendix 215 Bibliography 227 Index 247 List of figures and tables Figure 1 Pippo Scolari by Andrea del Castagno, Uffizi Gallery, Florence 66 Figure 2 The coat of arms of the Scolari family, Scolari palace, Florence 78 Figure 3 The tomb of Andrea Scolari, Roman Catholic Cathe- dral, Oradea 82 Figure 4 The Monastery of Santa Maria degli Angeli; on the right, the Scolari Oratory, by Marco Rustici, Rustici Codex, fol. 17v. 192 Figure 5 The castle, Ozora 199 Figure 6 The head of Saint Ladislaus, frescoes at the castle chapel, Ozora 205 Figure 7 The Scolari Family 215 Figure 8 The Da Montebuoni Family 216 Figure 9 The Del Bene Family 216 Figure 10 The Cavalcanti Family 217 Figure 11 The Borghini Family 217 Figure 12 The Guadagni Family 217 Figure 13 The Altoviti Family 218 Figure 14 The Infangati Family 219 Figure 15 The Della Rena Family 219 Table 1 Lineages in the 1433 Catasto 220 Table 2 Households in the 1433 Catasto 222 Table 3 Speakers at the Secret Councils 224 Acknowledgments My interest in expatriate Florentines in Hungary goes far back in time as I lived in the small settlement of Ozora, Pippo Scolari’s former residence. The study of his network has been inspired by different sources, including numerous remarkable contributions to the scholarship of early Renais- sance Florence, most of which will appear within the text. I would like to acknowledge here those scholars and organizations that supported the writing of this book in various ways. During my undergraduate studies, Attila Bárány and István Feld, then professors at the University of Miskolc, gave essential support at the very beginnings of my research on Pippo and his castle in Ozora. Professors of the Art History Department at the Eötvös Loránd University also contributed to my knowledge about the artistic connections between Hungary and Florence. Thanks to the generosity of the Department of History and Civilization at the European University Institute, which offered me a doctoral scholarship, I had the privilege to study under the tutorage of Anthony Molho, who, during my graduate studies, corrected my writings with inexhaustible energy and shaped my analytical thinking. I am deeply grateful to John F. Padgett at the University of Chicago with whom I have had the pleasure of working for more than a decade. I also thank them for helping me grow into the scholar I have become. I am indebted as well to my former head of the department, Géza Pálffy, at the Department of Early Modern History, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, for his support in pursuing further research in Italy. In addition to the aforementioned professors, the manuscript benefited from the insightful comments of a number of other scholars at various stages of its writing. Among them are, in the capacity of jury members of my thesis defense: Giulia Calvi and Gábor Klaniczay. I also wish to express my gratitude to members of the scientific committee of the Sahin-Tóth Péter Foundation for conferring this prestigious prize on my doctoral thesis, written in Italian, which provided the basis for the present book. My warmest thanks also go to those scholars who offered their valuable observations on the first draft of the manuscript or with whom I had the opportunity to discuss parts of my research over the years, especially while exchanging ideas and manuscript references in the Florentine National Archives. I would like to mention here Richard A. Goldthwaite, John F. Padgett, Giuliano Pinto, Brenda Preyer, Sergio Tognetti, Francesco Bettarini, Lorenz Böninger, and Cédric Quertier. 10 NETWORK AND MIGRATION IN EARLY RENAISSANCE FLORENCE, 1378-1433 Finally, I would like to thank four institutes whose generous support gave me the opportunity to carry out further archival research and turn my dissertation into the current publication: the Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Study, Central European University, Budapest; the New Europe College, Institute for Advanced Study, Bucharest; and the Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice, and their staff members and fellows between 2011 and 2016. The research for the present volume has benefited also from the support of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary – NKFIH no. PD. 117033 (titled: ‘Italy and Hungary in the Renaissance’, PI: Katalin Prajda). Most of the writing of this book took place during this funded period, between May and December 2016, when I enjoyed the hospitality of the Hungarian Academy in Rome.