Lecture Notebook to accompany SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC. MACMILLAN Copyright © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Cover photograph © Alex Mustard/naturepl.com. This document may not be modified or distributed (either electronically or on paper) without the permission of the publisher, with the following exception: Individual users may enter their own notes into this document and may print it for their own personal use. The Origin and Diversification of 0027 Eukaryotes 27.1 A Hypothetical Sequence for the Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell (Page 550) 1 The protective Cell wall cell wall was lost. DNA 2 Infolding of the plasma membrane added surface area without increasing the cell’s volume. 3 Cytoskeleton (microfilament and microtubules) formed. 4 Internal membranes studded with ribosomes formed. 5 As regions of the infolded plasma membrane enclosed the cell’s DNA, a precursor of a nucleus formed. 6 Microtubules from the cytoskeleton formed the eukaryotic flagellum, 7 Early digestive vacuoles enabling propulsion. evolved into lysosomes using enzymes from the early endoplasmic reticulum. 8 Mitochondria formed through endosymbiosis with a proteobacterium. 9 Endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria led to the development of chloroplasts. Flagellum To add your own notes to any page, use Adobe Reader’s Chloroplast Typewriter feature, accessible via the Typewriter bar at Mitochondrion the top of the window. (Requires Adobe Reader 8 or later. Adobe Reader can be downloaded free of charge from the Nucleus Adobe website: http://get.adobe.com/reader.) LIFE2 The Science of Biology 10E Sadava © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.01 05-24-12 Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 3 (A) Primary endosymbiosis Eukaryote Cyanobacterium Cyanobacterium outer membrane Peptidoglycan Cyanobacterium inner membrane Host cell nucleus Chloroplast Peptidoglycan has been lost except in glaucophytes. Chloroplast- (B) Secondary endosymbiosis containing eukaryotic cell Host eukaryotic cell Host membrane (from endocytosis) encloses the engulfed cell. A trace of the engulfed cell’s nucleus is retained in some groups. The engulfed cell’s plasma membrane (white) has been lost in euglenids and dinoflagellates. 27.2 Endosymbiotic Events in the Evolution of Chloroplasts (Page 552) LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.02 05-24-12 © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 4 Alveolates Stramenopiles Rhizaria Excavates Plantae Chs. 28 and 29 Amoebozoans Fungi Ch. 30 Ophisthokonts Choanoflagellates Chs. 31–33 Animals Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic to 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 4.5 bya Billions of years ago 27.3 Precambrian Divergence of Major Eukaryote Groups (Page 553) LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.03 05-24-12 © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 5 Dinoflagellates Alveolates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopiles Rhizaria In-Text Art (Page 553) Alveolates Brown algae Stramenopiles Diatoms Oomycetes Rhizaria Alveolates Stramenopiles Cercozoans Rhizaria Foraminiferans Radiolarians Excavates Diplomonads Parabasalids Heteroloboseans Euglenids Kinetoplastids Amoebozoans Loboseans Plasmodial slime molds Peridinium Cellularsp. slime molds Equatorial LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava groove Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.Cladograms 05-24-12 Longitudinal groove 27.4 A Dinoflagellate (Page 554) © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.03 05-24-12 Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 6 (A) Paramecium sp. (B) Didinium nasutum (C) Euplotes sp. Cilia 10 µm Bands of cilia 7 µm Oral groove Rows of fused cilia 25 µm 27.5 Diversity among the Ciliates (Page 554) POL Hillis Sinauer Associates Figure 20.05 Date 07-30-10 The macronucleus controls the cell’s activities. Micronuclei function in genetic recombination. Contractile vacuole Alveoli Cilia Digestive vacuole Oral groove Anal pore Trichocyst Fibrils Pellicle Alveolus Cilium 27.6 Anatomy of Paramecium (Page 555) © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.06 05-24-12 Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 7 INVESTIGATINGLIFE 27.7 The Role of Vacuoles in Ciliate Digestion HYPOTHESIS The digestive vacuoles of Paramecium produce an acidic environment that allows the organism to digest food particles. Method 1. Feed Paramecium yeast cells stained with Congo red, a dye that is red at neutral or basic pH but turns green at acidic pH. 2. Under a light microscope, observe the formation and degrada- tion of digestive vacuoles within the Paramecium. Note time and sequence of color (i.e., acid level) changes. Results 1 A digestive vacuole forms around yeast cells. 2 The change in color shows that the interior Stained vacuole has become yeast cells acidic. Oral groove 3 As products of digestion move into the cytosol, the pH increases in the vacuole (the dye becomes red again). 4 Red-stained (basic) waste material is expelled. CONCLUSION Some ciliates acidify digestive vacuoles to assist in the breakdown of food. Go to BioPortal for discussion and relevant links for all INVESTIGATINGLIFE figures. (Page 555) LIFE The Science of Biology 10e Sinauer Associates Figure 2707 Date 05-21-12 © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Dinoflagellates Alveolates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopiles Rhizaria Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 8 Alveolates Brown algae Stramenopiles Diatoms Oomycetes Rhizaria In-Text Art (Page 555) Alveolates Stramenopiles Cercozoans Rhizaria Foraminiferans Radiolarians Excavates Diplomonads Parabasalids Heteroloboseans Euglenids Kinetoplastids Amoebozoans Loboseans Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.Cladograms 05-24-12 Diatoms display ...or bilateral 25 µm either radial (circular) (left-right) symmetry... symmetry. 27.8 Diatom Diversity (Page 556) LIFE The Science of Biology 9E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.19 Date 05-12-09 © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 9 (A) Himanthalia elongata (B) Postelsia palmiformis 27.9 Brown Algae (Page 556) Holdfasts LIFE 10E Sinauer Associates SaprolegniaFigure 27.09 sp. 27.10 An Oomycete (Page 557) 3 mm © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.10 Date 04-20-09 Dinoflagellates Alveolates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopiles Rhizaria Alveolates Brown algae Stramenopiles Diatoms Oomycetes Rhizaria Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 10 Alveolates Stramenopiles Cercozoans Rhizaria Foraminiferans Radiolarians In-Text Art (Page 557) Excavates Diplomonads Parabasalids Heteroloboseans Euglenids Kinetoplastids Amoebozoans Loboseans Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.Cladograms 05-24-12 1 mm 27.11 Building Blocks of Limestone (Page 557) (A) (B) Astrolithium sp. Hexacontium sp. 250 µm 50 µm LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava 27.12 Radiolarians Exhibit Distinctive Pseudopods and Radial Symmetry (Page 557) Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.11 Date 04-20-09 © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.11 Date 04-20-09 Dinoflagellates Alveolates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopiles Rhizaria Alveolates Brown algae Stramenopiles Diatoms Oomycetes Rhizaria Alveolates Stramenopiles Cercozoans Rhizaria Foraminiferans Radiolarians Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 11 Excavates Diplomonads Parabasalids Heteroloboseans Euglenids Kinetoplastids In-Text Art (Page 558) Amoebozoans Loboseans Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales(A) Giardia Studio sp. Figure 27.Cladograms 05-24-12 2.5 µm (B) Trichomonas vaginalis 2.5 µm 27.13 Some Excavate Groups Lack Mitochondria (Page 558) © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. LIFE The Science of Biology 9E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.24 Date 04-20-09 Chapter 27 | The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 12 Photosynthetic chloroplasts are prominent features in a typical Euglena cell. Flagella Nucleus Pigment shield Contractile Stored polysaccharides Photoreceptor vacuole from photosynthesis 27.14 A Photosynthetic Euglenid (Page 559) LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava Sinauer Associates Morales Studio Figure 27.14 Date 05-24-12 TABLE27.1 Three Pathogenic Trypanosomes Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma cruzi Leishmania major Human disease Sleeping sickness Chagas disease Leishmaniasis Insect vector Tsetse fly Assassin bugs (many species) Sand fly Vaccine or effective cure None None None Strategy for survival Changes surface recognition Causes changes in surface recognition Reduces effectiveness of macrophage molecules frequently molecules on host cell hosts Site in human body Bloodstream; in final stages, Enters cells, especially muscle cells Enters cells, primarily macrophages attacks nerve tissue Approximate number of 50,000 45,000 60,000 deaths per year (Page 559) © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Dinoflagellates Alveolates Apicomplexans Ciliates