A GRAMMAR OF THE HITTITE LANGUAGE Part 1: Reference Grammar 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb i 66/5/08/5/08 44:13:57:13:57 PPMM LANGUAGES OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Editorial Board G R, Pennsylvania State University Editor-in-Chief J P. A Brown University G B. G The Oriental Institute, Univ. of Chicago J H Harvard University M K Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena A L Universität Basel H. C M University of California, Los Angeles P M University of Michigan P. O S Harvard University M P. S Universität Leipzig 1. A Grammar of the Hittite Language, by Harry A. Hoffner Jr. and H. Craig Melchert Part 1: Reference Grammar Part 2: Tutorial 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb iiii 66/5/08/5/08 44:13:58:13:58 PPMM A Grammar of the Hittite Language Part 1 Reference Grammar by H A. H, J. The University of Chicago and H. C M The University of California, Los Angeles Winona Lake, Indiana E 2008 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb iiiiii 66/5/08/5/08 44:13:58:13:58 PPMM © 2008 by Harry A. Hoffner, Jr., and H. Craig Melchert All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoffner, Harry A. A grammar of the Hittite language / by Harry A. Hoffner Jr. and H. Craig Melchert. p. cm. — (Languages of the ancient near east ; 1) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57506-119-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Hittite language—Grammar. I. Melchert, H. Craig (Harold Craig), 1945– II. Title. P945.H59 2008 491ʹ.998 dc22 2008018385 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb iivv 66/5/08/5/08 44:13:59:13:59 PPMM To three giants of Hittitology, in whose shadow we stand Hs G G† E L† H O 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb v 66/5/08/5/08 44:13:59:13:59 PPMM 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb vvii 66/5/08/5/08 44:14:00:14:00 PPMM CONTENTS Preface . xv Abbreviations and Conventional Markings . xvii General Abbreviations xviii Bibliographical Abbreviations xx Introduction . 1 The Hittites and Their Language 1 Decipherment 1 The Text Corpus 2 Modern Resources for Study 3 Cuneiform Editions 3 Commentaries 4 Sign Lexicon 4 Grammars 5 Dictionaries 5 Text Catalogues and Name Collections 7 Chapter 1. Orthography and Phonology . 9 The Cuneiform Writing System of the Hittites 9 Orthography 10 Writing Conventions 10 Transcriptional Conventions 14 Homophony 15 Polyphony 16 Multivalence 21 New Values 21 Logogram Pronunciation 22 Phonology 24 Individual Phonemes (Vowels and Consonants) 24 Vowels 25 Consonants 35 Phonotactics 48 Onomatopoeia 49 Accent 49 Chapter 2. Noun and Adjective Formation . 51 Underived Stems 52 Derived Stems 53 Reduplicated Nouns and Adjectives 62 Compounded Nouns and Adjectives 63 vii 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb vviiii 66/5/08/5/08 44:14:00:14:00 PPMM Contents viii Chapter 3. Noun and Adjective Inflection . 64 Inflectional Endings 69 The Basic Scheme 69 Common-Gender Nominative 70 Common-Gender Accusative 71 Neuter Nominative-Accusative 71 Ergative 72 Genitive 73 Dative-Locative 74 Vocative 74 Allative 76 Ablative 76 Instrumental 77 Stem Variation 78 Chapter 4. Noun and Adjective Declension . 79 a-Stem Nouns 79 Common-Gender a-Stem Nouns 79 Neuter a-Stem Nouns 82 a-Stem Adjectives 83 i- and u-Stem Nouns 85 i-Stem Nouns 86 i-Mutation 86 Common-Gender i-Stem Nouns 87 Neuter i-Stem Nouns 90 ai-Stem Nouns 92 i-Stem Adjectives 94 u-Stem Nouns 97 Common-Gender u-Stem Nouns 98 Neuter u-Stem Nouns 101 au-Stem Nouns 101 u-Stem Adjectives 102 e-Stem Noun 104 Consonantal-Stem Nouns and Adjectives 105 ḫ-Stem Noun 105 l-Stem Nouns 105 al-Stem Nouns 106 e/il-Stem Nouns 107 ul-Stem Nouns 107 n-Stem Nouns 108 Neuter n-Stem Nouns 108 Common-Gender n-Stem Nouns 111 r-Stem Nouns and Adjectives 114 s-Stem Nouns 117 t-Stem Nouns and Adjectives 120 Simple t-Stem Nouns 121 nt-Stem Nouns and Adjectives 123 r/n-Stem Nouns 124 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb vviiiiii 66/5/08/5/08 44:14:01:14:01 PPMM ix Contents Non-Derived r/n-Stem Nouns 124 Derived Nouns with Suffix -ātar 126 Derived Nouns with Suffix -eššar 128 Derived Nouns with Suffix -āwar 129 Derived Nouns with Suffix -mar 130 Verbal Substantives 130 Irregular Consonant-Stem Nouns 130 Chapter 5. Personal Pronouns . 132 Distinctive Features of Pronominal Stems and Endings 132 Accented (Independent) Personal Pronouns 133 Enclitic Personal Pronouns 135 Chapter 6. Possessive Pronouns . 137 Chapter 7. Deixis: The Demonstratives . 142 kā- and apā- 143 aši, uni, ini 144 anni- 146 Adverbs Built to Demonstratives 147 Chapter 8. Relative and Indefinite Pronouns . 149 The Interrogative and Relative Pronoun kui- 149 The Indefinite Pronoun kuiški and the Distributive kuišša 149 Other Stems with Partial Pronominal Inflection 152 Chapter 9. Numbers . 153 Form and Declension of the Cardinals 153 ‘One’ 154 ‘Two’ to ‘Ten’ 156 The Syntax of the Cardinals 158 Agreement in Case 158 Number Agreement with Non-Collectives 158 Counting Non-Decimal Sets 163 Word Order in Counting 165 Fractions 165 Ordinal Numbers 166 Ordinals in -t- 167 Multiplicatives 168 Distributives 170 Derivative Adjectives and Verbs 170 Numbers in Compounds 171 Compound Numbers 171 Chapter 10. Verb Formation . 173 Reduplicated Roots 173 Verbal Suffixes and Infixes 175 Overview 175 The Individual Suffixes 175 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb iixx 66/5/08/5/08 44:14:01:14:01 PPMM Contents x Chapter 11. Verb Inflection . 180 Types of Verbal Inflection 180 Irregularities in the mi-Conjugation 183 Irregularities in the ḫi-Conjugation 184 Medio-Passive Endings 184 Verbal Substantive, Participle, Infinitive, and Supine 185 Chapter 12. Conjugation of mi-Verbs . 187 Consonantal Stems 187 Root Stems 187 Affixed Stems 196 Vocalic Stems 198 Ablauting 198 Non-Ablauting 210 Suppletive Verb 211 Verbs with Mixed Stems 212 Chapter 13. Conjugation of ḫi-Verbs . 214 Consonantal Stems 214 Vocalic Stems 218 a-Stems 218 Stems Originally in -Cw- 222 ai-Stems 222 Stems with Mixed Inflection in -a- and -i- 224 Verbs with the Imperfective Suffix -anna/i- 226 Mixture of mi- and ḫi-Forms 227 Chapter14. Medio-Passive Conjugation . 230 Consonantal Stems 230 Vocalic Stems 231 Chronology of the Medio-Passive Endings 233 Medio-Passive Stem Formation 233 Chapter 15. Grammatical Agreement . 235 Types of Agreement 235 Lack of Agreement 239 In Gender 239 In Number 240 Chapter 16. Noun Cases . 242 Generalities 242 Nominative 242 Vocative and “Naming Construction” 244 Other Forms of Direct Address 245 Accusative 246 Ergative 250 Genitive 250 Word Order in a Genitival Phrase 254 Dative-Locative 257 Indirect Object 257 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb x 66/5/08/5/08 44:14:02:14:02 PPMM xi Contents Indicating Possession 258 Dative of Disadvantage 258 Goal 259 Purpose or Result 260 Location 260 Temporal Uses 261 Units of Measure and Dimensions 262 Additive-Incremental 262 Allative 262 Ablative 264 Instrumental 268 Cases with Particular Verbs 270 Chapter 17. Adjectives . 271 Comparison of Adjectives 273 Comparative Degree 273 Superlative Degree 275 Chapter 18. Pronouns . 277 Independent Personal Pronouns 277 Enclitic Personal Pronouns 279 (Third-Person) Subject Clitics 280 Intransitive Verbs with Subject Clitics 280 Intransitive Verbs without Subject Clitics 281 Other Clauses without Referential Subjects 282 Special Cases 282 Demonstrative Pronouns 283 kā-, apā-, and aši : Word Order 283 Declinable kāš . kāš as a Distributive Expression 285 Correlated kā-Forms Having Different Cases 286 Other Deictic Elements 286 The Indefinite Pronoun kuiški 286 tamai- 287 Chapter 19. Adverbs . 289 Local Adverbs 289 Temporal Adverbs 290 Adverbs of Manner 291 Denominative Adverbs 291 The Adverbial Suffix -ili 292 Adverbial Circumlocutions 293 Chapter 20. Local Adverbs, Preverbs, and Postpositions . 294 Free-standing Adverbs 295 Preverbs 295 Postpositions 297 Chapter 21. Verb Voice . 302 Active Voice 302 Middle Voice 303 Passive Voice 303 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb xxii 66/5/08/5/08 44:14:03:14:03 PPMM Contents xii Chapter 22. Verb Tense . 306 Present 306 Preterite 309 The Analytic Perfect Construction 310 Function 310 Form 310 Uniqueness within the Old Anatolian Indo-European Group 310 Examples 311 “Stative” Constructions with ḫar (k)- and ēš- 311 Chapter 23. Verb Mood . 313 Indicative 313 Imperative 313 Optative, Potential, and Irrealis 314 Optative 315 Potential and Irrealis 315 Chapter 24. Verb Aspect . 317 Imperfectives 317 Adverbial Markers 317 Suffix Markers 318 Nuances of Imperfective Aspect 318 Choice of Suffix 322 Suffix Redundancy 323 kāša (tta) and kāšma 323 The “Serial” Use of pai- ‘to go’ and uwa- ‘to come’ 324 Chapter 25. Non-Finite Verb Forms . 330 Verbal Substantive 330 Infinitive 332 Supine 338 Participle 339 Chapter 26. Negation . 341 natta 341 Word Order with natta 341 Negative Rhetorical Questions (with Negatives of Assertion) 342 nawi ‘not yet’ 343 Imperatival and Categorical Negative lē 344 lē⸗man and nūman 344 Categorical Negative lē 345 Word Order with lē 345 ne/ikku 345 Double Negatives 346 Carry-Over of Negative Force 346 Summary 346 000-HittiteGrammar.indb0-HittiteGrammar.indb xxiiii 66/5/08/5/08 44:14:03:14:03 PPMM xiii Contents Chapter 27. Questions . 348 Intonation Marking 348 Yes–No Questions 348 Direct Questions with Interrogative Pronouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs 350 Questions Posing Alternatives 353 Indirect Questions 353 Chapter 28. Particles . 354 The Particle -wa (r-) 354 The Particle -z (a) 357 Form 357 Reflexive Function 357 Lexical Use of -z (a) 360 Use in Nominal Sentences and with the Verb ‘To Be’ 362 The Local Particles -an, -apa, -ašta, -kan, and -šan 364 The Particle -kan 366 The “Local” Value 366 Accompanying the “Dative of Disadvantage” 371 The Terminative Value 372 With Verbs of Hostility 372 Aspect Independent of Verb’s Lexical Meaning 372 Absence of Expected -kan 373 Summary 373 The Particle -šan 374 Co-occurring with the Adverb šer 374 Physical or Conceptual Movement toward an Object 375 The Particle -an 377 The Particle -apa 378 The Particle -ašta 382 The Particle -pat 384 Anaphoric 385 Particularizing 386 Restrictive 387 Contrastive 388 Chapter 29.