Ancient Civilizations Table of Contents 1. How Do We Know? ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1a. Archaeologists and Their Artifacts ................................................................................................................ 7 1b. Anthropologists and Their People ..............................................................................................................10 1c. Historians and Their Time ...........................................................................................................................13 1d. Geographers and Their Space ....................................................................................................................16 2. Prehistoric Times ..........................................................................................................................................19 2a. "I Love Lucy" ...............................................................................................................................................22 2b. Food, Clothing and Shelter .........................................................................................................................25 2c. A Page Right Out of History ........................................................................................................................28 2d. First Technologies: Fire and Tools ..............................................................................................................32 3. Ancient Egypt ................................................................................................................................................34 3a. Life along the Nile .......................................................................................................................................37 3b. Egyptian Social Structure ............................................................................................................................40 3c. Dynasties .....................................................................................................................................................42 3d. Mummies ....................................................................................................................................................46 3e. Pyramids .....................................................................................................................................................51 3f. Women of Ancient Egypt ............................................................................................................................53 4. The Early Middle East ...................................................................................................................................56 4a. Life in Sumer ...............................................................................................................................................58 4b. Babylonia ....................................................................................................................................................62 4c. Hammurabi's Code: An Eye for an Eye .......................................................................................................65 4d. Assyrians: Cavalry and Conquests ..............................................................................................................68 4e. Persian Empire ............................................................................................................................................72 4f. Phoenicians: Sailing Away ...........................................................................................................................75 4g. Hebrews and the Land of Milk and Honey .................................................................................................78 4h. Birth of Christianity.....................................................................................................................................81 4i. Muhammad and the Faith of Islam .............................................................................................................84 5. Ancient Greece .............................................................................................................................................87 5a. Rise of City-States: Athens and Sparta .......................................................................................................89 5b. Democracy Is Born ......................................................................................................................................92 5c. Gods, Goddesses, and Heroes ....................................................................................................................94 5d. Greek Literature .........................................................................................................................................98 Copyright ©2008-2017 ushistory.org Access web version at: http://www.ushistory.org/civ/index.asp 1 Edited 2017: Tillamook Bay Community College 5e. Art and Architecture .................................................................................................................................104 5f. Thinkers .....................................................................................................................................................106 5g. Alexander the Great .................................................................................................................................110 5h. The Olympic Games ..................................................................................................................................112 6. Ancient Rome .............................................................................................................................................114 6a. The Roman Republic .................................................................................................................................116 6b. Julius Caesar .............................................................................................................................................120 6c. The Pax Romana .......................................................................................................................................124 6d. Life of the People ......................................................................................................................................127 6e. Gladiators, Chariots, and the Roman Games ...........................................................................................131 6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire ...................................................................................................................133 7. Africa ...........................................................................................................................................................136 7a. Kingdom of Ghana ....................................................................................................................................138 7b. Mali: A Cultural Center .............................................................................................................................141 7c. Benin and Its Royal Court..........................................................................................................................143 7d. Great Zimbabwe .......................................................................................................................................146 7e. Life on the Desert .....................................................................................................................................148 8. South Asia: India and Beyond .....................................................................................................................151 8a. Early Civilization in the Indus Valley .........................................................................................................152 8b. The Caste System......................................................................................................................................155 8c. The Rise of Hinduism ................................................................................................................................158 8d. The Birth and Spread of Buddhism ...........................................................................................................161 8e. The Gupta Period of India .........................................................................................................................164 9. China ...........................................................................................................................................................166 9a. The Middle Kingdom .................................................................................................................................169 9b. Shang Dynasty — China's First Recorded History ....................................................................................171 9c. Han Dynasty — Cultural Heights ...............................................................................................................173 9d. Tang Dynasty — The Golden Age .............................................................................................................177 9e. Taoism and Confucianism
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