Cultural Worlds of the Jesuits in Colonial Latin America edited by Linda A. Newson INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES Cultural Worlds of the Jesuits in Colonial Latin America edited by Linda A. Newson University of London Press Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2020 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/. This book is also available online at http://humanities-digital-library.org. ISBN: 978-1-908857-62-0 (paperback edition) 978-1-908857-74-3 (.epub edition) 978-1-908857-73-6 (.mobi edition) 978-1-908857-75-0 (PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/520.9781908857750 (PDF edition) Institute of Latin American Studies School of Advanced Study University of London Senate House London WC1E 7HU Telephone: 020 7862 8844 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ilas.sas.ac.uk Cover image: Mappa Geographica exhibens Provincias, Oppida, Sacella &c quae Mensibus Novembri ac Decembri anni 1751 et ... anni 1752 peragravit ad Indorum Chilensium terras... Hieronymus Strübel, 1777. Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library. Contents List of figures v Notes on contributors vii Introduction 1 Linda A. Newson I. Jesuit art, architecture and material culture 9 1. The Jesuits and Chinese style in the arts of colonial Brazil (1719–79) 11 Gauvin Alexander Bailey 2. Two ‘ways of proceeding’: damage limitation in the Mission to the Chiquitos 41 Kate Ford 3. The materiality of cultural encounters in the Treinta Pueblos de las Misiones 69 Clarissa Sanfelice Rahmeier II. Jesuit mission life 89 4. A patriarchal society in the Rio de la Plata: adultery and the double standard at Mission Jesús de Tavarangue, 1782 91 Barbara Ganson 5. Music in the Jesuit missions of the Upper Marañón 111 Leonardo Waisman 6. Beyond linguistic description: territorialisation. Guarani language in the missions of Paraguay (17th–19th centuries) 127 Capucine Boidin III. Jesuit approaches to evangelisation 147 7. Administration and native perceptions of baptism at the Jesuit peripheries of Spanish America (16th–18th centuries) 149 Oriol Ambrogio iii iv CULTURAL WORLDS OF THE JESUITS 8. ‘Con intençión de haçerlos Christianos y con voluntad de instruirlos’: spiritual education among American Indians in Anello Oliva’s Historia del Reino y Provincias del Perú 169 Virginia Ghelarducci 9. Translation and prolepsis: the Jesuit origins of a Tupi Christian doctrine 187 Vivien Kogut Lessa de Sá and Caroline Egan IV. Jesuit agriculture, medicine and science 205 10. Jesuits and mules in colonial Latin America: innovators or managers? 207 William G. Clarence-Smith 11. Jesuit recipes, Jesuit receipts: the Society of Jesus and the introduction of exotic materia medica into Europe 227 Samir Boumediene 12. The Jesuits and the exact sciences in Argentina 253 Eduardo L. Ortiz Index 285 List of figures 1.1 Dashuifa (Great Fountain) Xiyanglou, Yuanming Yuan, China (completed 1759). 12 1.2 Southern Cathedral (Nan Tang) in Beijing. 13 1.3 Charles de Belleville, altar of the Assumption, before 1688. Oak. Cathédrale Saint-Front, Périgueux, France. 16 1.4 Anonymous Chinese painter. Façade of the Beitang church of the French Jesuit mission, c.1701–3 (detail). Gouache on canvas. 19 1.5 Charles de Belleville, Ceiling in the sacristy of the Jesuit church of Nossa Senhora de Belén de Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil (c.1719). 22 1.6 Detail of a ceiling from the Chang Ling tomb of Ming emperor Yongle, 1424. 23 1.7 Anonymous, ceiling of the sacristy, Jesuit Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Embu, São Paulo, Brazil (c.1735–40). 25 1.8 Bureau cabinet, German or English, c.1735. Wood, japanned, with engraved brass mounts. 26 1.9 Chinoiserie panels, choirstall of the Cathedral of Nossa Senhora da Assunção, Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil (c.1753). 28 1.10 Anonymous, wooden temple lion, Jesuit residence of Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Embu, So Paulo, Brazil (early 18th century). 30 1.11 Stone temple lion, forecourt of the Franciscan church of Santo António (popularly known as São Francisco), João Pessoa (c.1734 or 1779). 33 2.1 A nocturnal procession during Holy Week arriving at the door of the restored church of La Inmaculada, Concepción. 41 2.2 Part of a rhomboidal grid marked in reddish pigment on a rock face in the Serranía de Santiago. 44 2.3 Rock drawing given an ancient interpretation by a 20th-century Chiquitano. 45 2.4 Schematic drawings of incised decoration on three bowls disinterred at Campo Grande (top), El Abasto (middle) and Puerto Rico (bottom). 47 2.5 European engraving of Xaraye people in the 16th century. 49 2.6 Drawing of a painted or tattooed Caduveo (Kadiwéu) woman by Guido Boggiani in 1892 (right); and a drawing on paper v vi CULTURAL WORLDS OF THE JESUITS made by a Caduveo (Kadiwéu) woman in the 1930s for Claude Lévi-Strauss (left). 51 2.7 Wall painting behind a crucifix in the sacristy, San Rafael. 59 2.8 View of San Miguel showing the lozenge-shaped mouldings on the doors. 60 3.1 and 3.2. Woman making a clay pot according to the traditional technique called acordelado 78 3.3 First sequence of clay pot making, before decoration, nearly finished. 79 4.1 Il Paraguai e Paesi Adiacenti. Venezia 1785. Courtesy of Geography and Maps Division, Library of Congress. 93 4.2 Photograph of the first page of the Guarani letter, Mission Jesús de Tavarangue (AGN IX 36-9-6 Misiones, 1782). 96 5.1 Cours du fleuve Maragnon, autrement dit des Amazones par le P. Samuel Fritz, Missionnaire de la Compagnie de Jésus. Author Samuel Fritz (1656–1725). 110 5.2 Detail from Cours du fleuve Maragnon, autrement dit des Amazones par le P. Samuel Fritz, Missionnaire de la Compagnie de Jésus. Author Samuel Fritz (1656–1725). 119 6.1 Portuguese and Spanish Jesuit missions of South America, 16th–18th centuries. In red: Portuguese missions; red circles where missions use two variants of the lingua geral. In blue: Spanish missions; blue circles where missions use Guaraní as a general language. 129 6.2 Jesuit missions of South America, 16th–18th centuries. Spanish frontier missions in blue; penetration of Portuguese missions in red. 129 9.1 First page of ‘Doutrina Christã na Linguoa Brasilica’. 182 9.2 Protocol for baptising those on the point of death in ‘Doutrina Christã na Linguoa Brasilica’. 193 12.1 Astronomical observations by Buenaventura Suárez in Paraguay. 252 12.2 Cover page of Buenaventura Suárez’s Lunario, Barcelona edition of 1752. 254 12.3 Cosmic Physics Observatory, San Miguel. 268 Notes on contributors Oriol Ambrogio is a PhD candidate in history at the King’s College London, where he is preparing a thesis on missionary administration and native responses to the sacraments on the peripheries of Spanish America in the colonial period, under the supervision of Professor Francisco Bethencourt. He is interested in Jesuit missionary efforts among semi-sedentary and non-sedentary populations, focusing on how Christian rituals were perceived and reinterpreted according to the indigenous cultural traditions. He has given papers at the Institute of Latin American Studies, King’s College and Chapel Hill University seminars and at the conference of the Renaissance Society of America. Gauvin Alexander Bailey is professor and Alfred and Isabel Bader Chair in southern baroque art at Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario. He has held fellowships with the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation and Villa I Tatti, among others and was the 2017 Panofsky professor at the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte in Munich. He is also correspondent étranger of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres at the Institut de France and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. His latest book is Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire: State, Church, and Society, 1604–1830 (2018). Capucine Boidin is professor in Latin American anthropology at Sorbonne Nouvelle in the Institute of Advanced Studies in Latin America (IHEAL) and teaches Guarani language at INALCO (Langues’O). She is currently the director of IHEAL. From 2011 until 2016 she coordinated a project funded by ANR and called LANGAS (General languages from South America) (Quechua, aimara, guarani, tupi, XIX–XVI). With an open access database, this project is a pioneer in digital humanities applied to non-western languages in order to sustain anthropological history based on Amerindian manuscripts. She is writing a book called Words within History: Contribution to Guaraní Political Anthropology (XVI–XIX). Samir Boumediene is a researcher at the Institut d’Histoire des Représentations et des Idées dans les Modernités (Lyon). Trained in history and epistemology, he published his PhD on the history of New World medicinal plants in 2016 under the title La colonisation du savoir. He has published several articles on the history of drugs, medicine and plants. His current research deals with the notion of discovery in early modern times and with the history of questionnaires. vii viii CULTURAL WORLDS OF THE JESUITS William Gervase Clarence-Smith was until the end of July 2019 professor of the economic history of Asia and Africa at SOAS, University of London, and editor of the Journal of Global History (Cambridge University Press). He has published on the history of various animals around the world and is currently undertaking research for a global history of mules. He has also written about the history of different missionary orders, including the Jesuits in the Philippines. Caroline Egan is a lecturer in colonial literary and cultural studies in the Spanish and Portuguese Section at the University of Cambridge.