The Star of Israel and the Holy Land Slave Trade to the Americas – The Bantusi The Berber/Moor Holy Land Slave Trade and The Bantu-Tutsi (African) Slave Trade Spain was retaken by Ferdinand and Isabella’s Army in 1492 and all Muslims were finally expelled in 1609 (Sookdheo p 173). Moorish Spain wasn’t tolerant or enlightened (O’Neill p 126). In 916, Marquis Adalbertusof Tusca, Marquis Albericus of Spoleto, Prince Landulf of Capua and Benevento, Prince Gaimar of Salerno, the dukes of Gaeta and Naples and Byzantine Emperor Constantine combined with Pope John X heading the land troops, and they defeated the Muslim Arabs freeing the Italian mainland! (Khan p 156) The Byzantine fleet also helped to protect Italy. - From: Islam’s European, Balkan and Asia Minor slave trade– Arabs, Berbers, Moors: Part F in Islam’s genocidal slavery. References: 1. Bostom, A. G. ‘The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic holy war and the fate of the non-Muslims.’ Prometheus Books. New York. 2005. 2. Constantelos, D. ‘Greek Christian and other accounts of the Muslim conquests of the Near East’ Ch. 37 in Bostom, A. G. ‘The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic holy war and the fate of the non-Muslims.’ Prometheus Books. New York. 2005. 3. Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 p 419 15th edition. 1982 Printed in the USA. 4. Hedaya or guide: A commentary on the Mussulman laws: Translated by order of the Governor-General and Council of Bengal by Charles Hamilton: Vol IV. (1791) London. Printed by T. Bensley. (this is a reprint of the original) 5. Karsh, E. ‘Islamic imperialism: A history.’ Yale University Press. 2006. 6. Khan, M. A. ‘Islamic Jihad: A legacy of forced conversion, imperialism and slavery.’ iUniverse, Bloomington, IN. 2009. 7. O’Neill. ‘Holy warriors: Islam and the demise of classical civilisation.’ Felibri publications. 2009. 8. Pipes, D: ‘Jihad: How Academics Have Camouflaged Its Real Meaning’ 12-02-02 http://hnn.us/articles/1136.html George Mason University History News Network 9. Pirenne, Henri. ‘Mohammed and Charlemagne.’ Dover Publications Inc, New York. Reprint 2001 of 1954 print by George Allen and Unwin. 10. Reliance of the Traveller: A classic manual of Islamic sacred law. In Arabic with facing English Text, commentary and appendices edited and translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller Al-Misri, Ahmad ibn Naqib; Amana publications Maryland USA 1994. 11. Sookhdeo, P. ‘Global Jihad: The future in the face of Militant Islam.’ Isaac Publishing. 2007. 12. The Scourge of Slavery vol 4 2004 http://www.christianaction.org.za/articles_ca/2004-4- TheScourgeofSlavery.htm 13. Ter-Ghevondian. A. ‘The Armenian rebellion against the Caliphate’ Ch. 38 in Bostom, A. G. ‘The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic holy war and the fate of the non-Muslims.’ Prometheus Books. New York. 2005. 14. Trifkovic, S. ‘The sword of the prophet.’ Regina Orthodox Press, Inc. 2002. 15. Warraq, I. ‘Why I am not a Muslim.’ Prometheus books. 1995 16. Ye’or, B. And G. Bostom. 2004 ‘Andalusian Myth, Eurabian Reality: Inventing the past, and denying the present.’ A Jihad Watch EXCLUSIVE essay http://www.jihadwatch.org/2004/04/andalusian-myth- eurabian-reality.html Arab slave trade Overview The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the Arab World , mainly Western Asia, North Africa, East Africa and certain parts of Europe (such as Iberia and southern Italy) during their period of domination by Arab leaders. The trade was focused on the slave markets of the Middle East and North Africa. People traded were not limited to a certain color, ethnicity, or religion and included Arabs and Berbers , especially in its early days. Scope of the trade Historians agree between 11 and 18 million Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and taken across the Red Sea , Indian Ocean, and Sahara desert between 650 and 1900, compared to 9.4 to 14 million Africans brought to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade from 15th century to the early 19th century. From a Western point of view, the subject merges with the Oriental slave trade, which followed two main routes in the Middle Ages : • Overland routes across the Maghreb and Mashriq deserts (Trans-Saharan route) • Sea routes to the east of Africa through the Red Sea and Indian Ocean (Oriental route) The Arab slave trade originated before Islam and lasted more than a millennium. It continues today in some places. Arab traders brought Africans across the Indian Ocean from present- day Kenya , Mozambique , Tanzania , Sudan , Eritrea , western Ethiopia and elsewhere in East Africa to present-day Iraq , Iran , Kuwait , Turkey and other parts of the Middle East and South Asia (mainly Pakistan and India). Unlike the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the New World , Arabs supplied African slaves to the (Berber/Moorish so-called ‘Muslim world’), which at its peak stretched over three continents from the Atlantic (Morocco , Spain) to India and eastern China. Luiz Felipe de Alencastro states that there were 8 million slaves taken from Africa between the 8th and 19th centuries along the Oriental and the Trans-Saharan routes. Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau has put forward a figure of 17 million African people enslaved (in the same period and from the same area) on the basis of Ralph Austen's work. Paul Bairoch suggests a figure of 25 million African people subjected to the Arab slave trade, as against 11 million that arrived in the Americas from the transatlantic slave trade. The Arab slave trade from East Africa is one of the oldest slave trades, predating the European transatlantic slave trade by 700 years. Male slaves who were often employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers by their owners, while female slaves, including those from Africa, were long traded to the Middle Eastern countries and kingdoms by Arab and Oriental traders, as concubines and servants. Arab, African and Oriental traders were involved in the capture and transport of slaves northward across the Sahara desert and the Indian Ocean region into the Middle East, Persia, and the Indian subcontinent]. 20th century From approximately 650 until around the 1960s, the Arab slave trade continued in one form or another. The Moroccan Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard , who coerced the country into submission. Historical accounts and references to slave-owning nobility in Arabia, Yemen and elsewhere are frequent into the early 1920s. In 1953, sheikh s from Qatar attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II included slaves in their retinues, and they did so again on another visit five years later. As recently as the 1950s, Saudi Arabia 's slave population was estimated at 450,000 — approximately 20% of the population. It is estimated that as many as 200,000 black Sudanese children and women had been taken into slavery in Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War . Slavery in Mauritania was legally abolished by laws passed in 1905, 1961, and 1981. It was finally criminalized in August 2007. It is estimated that up to 600,000 black Mauritanians, or 20% of Mauritania 's population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labour . The Arab slave trade in the Indian Ocean, Red, and Mediterranean Seas long pre-dated the arrival of any significant number of Europeans on the African continent. Descendants of the African slaves brought to the Middle East during the slave-trade still exist there today, and are aware of their African origins. Medieval Arabic sources These are given in chronological order. Scholars and geographers from the Arab world had been travelling to Africa since the time of Muhammad in the 7th century. • Al-Masudi (died 957), MuruJ adh-dhahab or The Meadows of Gold, the reference manual for geographers and historians of the Muslim world. The author had travelled widely across the Arab world as well as the Far East. • Ya'qubi (9th century), Kitab al-Buldan or Book of Countries • Al-Bakri, author of Kitāb al-Masālik wa'l-Mamālik or Book of Roads and Kingdoms , published in Córdoba around 1068, gives us information about the Berbers and their activities; he collected eye- witness accounts on Saharan caravan routes . • Muhammad al-Idrisi (died circa 1165), Description of Africa and Spain • Ibn Battuta (died circa 1377), Moroccan geographer who travelled to sub-Saharan Africa, to Gao and to Timbuktu . His principal work is called A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling. • Ibn Khaldun (died in 1406), historian and philosopher from North Africa. Sometimes considered as the historian of Arab, Berber and Persian societies. He is the author of Muqaddimah orHistorical Prolegomena and History of the Berbers. • Al-Maqrizi (died in 1442), Egyptian historian. His main contribution is his description of Cairo markets. • Leo Africanus (died circa 1548), author of Descrittione dell’ Africa or Description of Africa , a rare description of Africa. • Rifa'a el-Tahtawi (1801–1873), who translated medieval works on geography and history. His work is mostly about Muslim Egypt. • Joseph Cuoq, Collection of Arabic sources concerning Western Africa between the 8th and 16th centuries (Paris 1975) European texts (16th-19th centuries) • João de Castro , Roteiro de Lisboa a Goa (1538) • James Bruce , (1730–1794), Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1790) • René Caillié, (1799–1838), Journal d'un voyage à Tombouctou • Johann Ludwig Burckhardt , (1784–1817), Travels in Nubia (1819) • Henry Morton Stanley , (1841–1904), Through the Dark Continent (1878) Other sources • African Arabic and AJam Manuscripts • African oral tradition • Kilwa Chronicle (16th century fragments) • Numismatics: analysis of coins and of their diffusion • Archaeology: architecture of trading posts and of towns associated with the slave trade • Iconography: Arab and Persian miniatures in maJor libraries • European engravings, contemporary with the slave trade, and some more modern • Photographs from the 19th century onward • Ethiopian (Ge'ez and Amharic) historical texts Historical and geographical context of the Arab slave trade A brief review of the region and era in which the Oriental and trans-Saharan slave trade took place should be useful here.