PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI SAUSSURIAN BINARY OPPOSITION AS THE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE OF WILLIAMS’SUMMER AND SMOKE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANITA PUTRI Student Number: 114214125 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI SAUSSURIAN BINARY OPPOSITION AS THE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE OF WILLIAMS’SUMMER AND SMOKE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANITA PUTRI Student Number: 114214125 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 ii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI “The greatest ideas are the simplest.” ― William Golding, Lord of the Flies vii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Mr. P. Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D. for sharing his pearls of wisdom during the undergraduate thesis preparation process, without his persistent guidance this thesis would not have been possible; to my co-advisor, Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani M.Hum., for her help in improving this thesis; to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum for introducing me to Williams’ Summer and Smoke; and to other lecturers -who I cannot mention all due to the limited space provided- and all of the Department faculty members for their help and support for these past four years of my studying at Sanata Dharma University. This thesis is the culmination of my wondrously grueling yet wonderful years of studying with the most inspiring lecturers and broad-minded classmates. I am also grateful to my friends, Nelif Mike Simatupang and Naftalia Indah Lukartono, for their friendship through thick and thin. Special thanks are reserved for my boyfriend, Donny Mulyadi, who has always been there for me; for my sister, Olivia Putri, who helps me without her even knowing; for my brother, Julius Perdana, thank you for being the constant reminder for me to be a responsible grown-up; for mom, who inspires me. The last but not least is to thank my dad for his love and persistence in life that I have someone to hold onto. Thus, I proudly dedicate this thesis for him. Dad, thank you for making the best choice of my life that I went to Sanata Dharma to be the person I’ve become now. Anita Putri. viii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………… ii APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………. iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………… iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN KARYA ILMIAH………. v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY…………………………………… vi MOTTO PAGE………………………………………………………… vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………… viii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………….. ix LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………… x ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………... xi ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………....... xii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study………………………………….......... 1 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………….... 3 C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………….... 4 D. Definition of Terms…………………………………………….. 4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………….. 6 A. Review of Related Studies..……………………………….......... 6 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………….......... 14 1. Theory of Symbol…………………………………………... 14 2. Theory of Characters and Characterization…………………. 15 a. Character………………………………………………… 15 b. Characterization…………………………………………. 16 3. Theory of Binary Opposition……………………………….. 18 4. Theory of Narrative Structure………………………………. 19 C. Theoretical Framework.……………………………………….... 23 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY…………………………………… 25 A. Object of the Study……………………………………………. 25 B. Approach of the Study………………………………………… 27 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………… 28 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSION)……… 31 A. Analysis on Symbols and Characters…………………………. 31 1. Symbols Representing Alma and John and the Characteristics Revealed………………………………………………….. 31 a. Stone Angel…………………………………………… 32 b. Human Anatomy Chart……………………………….. 34 c. Telescope and Microscope……………………………. 36 d. Water Lily in Chinese Lagoon………………………… 38 e. Stone Pieta…………………………………………….. 40 ix PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI f. Summer, Firecracker, Firework, Fire…..………………. 41 g. Smoke…………………………………………………... 42 2. Binary Oppositions Revealed by the Symbols and Characters 44 B. Analysis on Binary Opposition as Summer and Smoke’s Narrative Structure………………………………………………………… 48 1. Subject Vs. Object (Desire, Search, or Aim)...…………….. 49 a. Subject/Object = Alma/John…………………………… 49 b. Subject/Object = John/Alma……………………………. 50 2. Sender Vs. Receiver(Communication)……………………… 52 a. Alma/John = Subject&Receiver/Object&Sender……….. 53 b. John/Alma = Subject&ReceiverObject&Sender……….. 55 3. Helper/Opponent(Auxiliary Support or Hindrance)………... 57 a. Alma/John = Opponent/ Helper………………………… 57 b. Alma/John = Helper/Opponent…………………………. 60 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………………. 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….. 68 x PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI ABSTRACT PUTRI, ANITA. Saussurian Binary Opposition as the Narrative Structure of Williams’ Summer and Smoke. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015. The Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure, is one of the forefathers of structuralism whose works have inspired and influenced many of current modern thinkers. Binary opposition is one of many of his thoughts. This notion came up from his theory explaining that in fact in humans’ attempt at deriving conceptual meanings, their minds work by distinguishing the differences between things. Thus, Saussure basically suggests the idea that humans first logical operation is by discerning things through their relationships; one of Saussure’s basic relationships is binary opposition. For this reason, this thesis is conducted to prove this basic yet comprehensive theory as the narrative structure of Williams’ Summer and Smoke. Tennessee Williams’ Summer and Smoke (1948) is chosen since it is richly endowed with binary symbols and characters. Moreover, the course of the narrative is also structured in dichotomies. This thesis begins with research questions which are expected to help achieve the objective of the study. The first question regards to the characteristics of Alma and John as revealed by the symbols. The second question will lead to the explanation of how Saussurian binary opposition found in the symbols constructs the narrative structure of Williams’ Summer and Smoke. The method used in conducted the study is library research. As for the primary source of the research is a play script written by Tennessee Williams, Summer and Smoke (1948). The secondary sources that writer used are the related studies (Augustten and Dewi’s undergraduate thesis, J. Pryor, S.J.’s paper, Guo Chun An’s study), Selden and Barry’s reviews of theory for theoretical ground of this study, Chevalier's The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols and last and most important source is A.J. Greimas’ three basic patterns of narrative. The approach used in this study is structuralism from which the notion of binary opposition is born. The results of this study are: first, the binary symbols and characteristics found in the play reveal the dichotomies concerning the importance of soul/body, spirituality/sexuality, life/death, physical lust/divine love; second, the binary symbols and characters prove that Williams’ Summer and Smoke’s narrative structure is constructed upon the binary oppositions as proven by the binary quests of soul and body and the binary role transformations between Alma and John as revealed by A.J. Greimas’ three pairs of actantial model. xi PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI ABSTRAK PUTRI, ANITA. Saussurian Binary Opposition as the Narrative Structure of Williams’ Summer and Smoke. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015. Linguis asal Swiss, Ferdinand de Saussure, merupakan salah satu pendiri strukturalisme yang karya-karyanya telah menginspirasi dan mempengaruhi banyak pemikir modern saat ini. Oposisi biner adalah salah satu gagasannya. Gagasan ini muncul dari teori yang menjelaskan bahwa sebenarnya dalam upaya manusia memperoleh makna konseptual, otak bekerja dengan mencari perbedaan antara satu hal dengan hal yang lain. Dengan demikian, pada dasarnya Saussure menunjukkan bahwa cara berpikir utama manusia adalah dengan mencari perbedaan dan relasi antara hal-hal tersebut dan oposisi biner merupakan relasi yang paling umum berdasarkan teori Saussure. Untuk alasan ini, studi ini dilakukan untuk membuktikan teori oposisi biner sebagai struktur narasi dari Summer and Smoke. Karya Tennesse Williams ini dipilih karena banyaknya dual simbol dan karakterdi dalam naskah. Bukan hanya