Anna Parkhouse Does speed matter? Anna Parkhouse Does speed matter? The Impact of the EU Membership Incentive on Rule Adoption in Minority Language Rights Protection 2013 9 789517 657006 Åbo Akademis förlag | ISBN 978-951-765-700-6 Anna Parkhouse (born 1965) Bachelor of Social Sciences (University Paris V- Sorbonne) 1992 Master of Political Science (University Paris I- Sorbonne) 1993 Master of International Relations (University Paris I- Sorbonne) 2004 DOES SPEED MATTER? Does Speed Matter? The Impact of the EU Membership Incentive on Rule Adoption in Minority Language Rights Protection Anna Parkhouse Åbo Akademis förlag | Åbo Akademi University Press Åbo, Finland, 2013 CIP Cataloguing in Publication Parkhouse, Anna. Does speed matter? : the impact of the EU membership incentive on rule adoption in minority language rights protection / Anna Parkhouse. - Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2013. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 978-951-765- 700-6 ISBN 978-951-765-700-6 ISBN 978-951-765-701-3 (digital) Suomen yliopistopaino Oy Juvenesprint Åbo 2013 Does speed matter? The impact of the EU membership incentive on rule adoption in minority language rights protection Anna Parkhouse Statskunskap Statsvetenskapliga institutionen Åbo Akademi University Åbo, Finland, 2013 SWEDISH SUMMARY Parkhouse, Anna (2013). Does speed matter? The impact of the EU membership incentive on rule adoption in minority language rights protection. (Spelar hastigheten någon roll? Effekten av EU-medlemskapet som incitament för minoritetsspråkslagstiftning). Skriven på engelska med en sammanfattning på svenska. Denna avhandling tar sin utgångspunkt i ett ifrågasättande av effektiviteten i EU:s konditionalitetspolitik avseende minoritetsrättig- heter. Baserat på den rationalistiska teoretiska modellen, External Incentives Model of Governance , syftar denna hypotesprövande avhandling till att förklara om tidsavståndet på det potentiella EU medlemskapet påverkar lagstiftningsnivån hos stater som omsluts av EU:s konditionalitetspolitik avseende minoritetsspråksrättigheter. Mätningen av nivån på lagstiftningen avseende minoritetsspråksrättigheter begränsas till att omfatta icke-diskriminering, användning av minoritetsspråk i officiella sammanhang samt minoriteters språkliga rättigheter i utbildningen. Metodologiskt används ett jämförande angreppssätt både avseende tidsramen för studien, som sträcker sig mellan 2003 och 2010, men även avseende urvalet av stater. På basis av det ”mest lika systemet” kategoriseras staterna i tre grupper efter deras olika tidsavstånd från det potentiella EU medlemskapet. Hypotesen som prövas är följande: ju kortare tidsavstånd till det potentiella EU medlemskapet desto större sannolikhet att staternas lagstiftningsnivå inom de tre områden som studeras har utvecklats till en hög nivå. Studien visar att hypotesen endast bekräftas delvis. Resultaten avseende icke-diskriminering visar att sambandet mellan tidsavståndet och nivån på lagstiftningen har ökat markant under den undersökta tidsperioden. Detta samband har endast stärkts mellan kategorin av stater som ligger tidsmässigt längst bort ett potentiellt EU medlemskap och de två kategorier som ligger närmare respektive närmast ett potentiellt EU medlemskap. Resultaten avseende användning av minoritetsspråk i officiella sammanhang och minoriteters språkliga rättigheter i utbildningen visar inget respektive nästan inget samband mellan tidsavståndet och utvecklingen på lagstiftningen mellan 2003 och 2010. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ______________________________________ 7 TABLES AND FIGURES ________________________________________ 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ____________________________________ 13 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY ____________________________ 17 Framing the problem _______________________________________ 17 Research objective __________________________________________ 20 A note on the theoretical framework __________________________ 24 2 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK ________________________________ 29 The External Incentives Model of Governance: theoretical assumptions and expectations _______________________________ 29 The size of EU rewards as an incentive of norm compliance ___ 32 The speed of EU rewards as an incentive of norm compliance _ 35 3 NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK _________________________________ 39 EU Minority rights conditionality ____________________________ 39 Conditionality in the Western Balkans and in the states of the European Neighbourhood Policy _____________________________ 43 Setting the conditions for minority language rights protection ____ 46 Non-discrimination ______________________________________ 51 Minority language use in official contexts ___________________ 54 Minority language rights in education ______________________ 56 4 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS _____________________ 59 The comparative design _____________________________________ 59 Measuring progress in minority language rights legislation ______ 65 The material _______________________________________________ 68 5 THE YUGOSLAV TRAGEDY _________________________________ 70 From construction to deconstruction __________________________ 70 The demographic dimension _________________________________ 74 Minority language rights protection in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ______________________________ 79 The deconstruction of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ______________________________________ 82 1 6 CROATIA AND MINORITY LANGUAGE RIGHTS PROTECTION ______________________________________________ 88 Croatian independence _____________________________________ 88 The demographic dimension _________________________________ 92 The sociolinguistic dimension ________________________________ 94 Legislation in minority language rights upon gaining status as candidate state _____________________________________________ 97 Non-discrimination ______________________________________ 98 Minority language use in official contexts ___________________ 101 Minority language rights in education ______________________ 104 7 FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND MINORITY LANGUAGE RIGHTS PROTECTION _______________ 109 Macedonian independence __________________________________ 109 The demographic dimension _________________________________ 113 The sociolinguistic dimension ________________________________ 117 Legislation in minority language rights upon gaining status as candidate state _____________________________________________ 121 Non-discrimination ______________________________________ 122 Minority language use in official contexts ___________________ 126 Minority language rights in education ______________________ 129 8 SERBIA AND MINORITY LANGUAGE RIGHTS PROTECTION __ 133 Serbian independence ______________________________________ 133 The demographic dimension _________________________________ 136 The sociolinguistic dimension ________________________________ 142 Legislation in minority language rights upon gaining status as potential candidate state ____________________________________ 145 Non-discrimination ______________________________________ 146 Minority language use in official contexts ___________________ 151 Minority language rights in education ______________________ 154 9 KOSOVO AND MINORITY LANGUAGE RIGHTS PROTECTION ______________________________________________ 159 Kosovo semi-independence __________________________________ 159 The demographic dimension _________________________________ 162 The sociolinguistic dimension ________________________________ 167 Legislation in minority language rights upon gaining status as potential candidate state ____________________________________ 170 2 Non-discrimination ______________________________________ 171 Minority language use in official contexts ___________________ 175 Minority language rights in education ______________________ 179 10 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND MINORITY LANGUAGE RIGHTS PROTECTION _____________________________________ 183 Bosnian semi-independence ________________________________ 183 The demographic dimension _______________________________ 187 The sociolinguistic dimension ______________________________ 191 Legislation in minority language rights upon gaining status as potential candidate state ___________________________________ 193 Non-discrimination ______________________________________ 194 Minority language use in official contexts ___________________ 198 Minority language rights in education ______________________ 202 11 THE SOVIET EMPIRE ______________________________________ 207 From construction to deconstruction _________________________ 207 The demographic dimension _______________________________ 211 Minority language rights protection in the former Soviet Union _ 216 The deconstruction of the Soviet Union ______________________ 219 12 MOLDOVA AND MINORITY LANGUAGE RIGHTS PROTECTION _____________________________________________ 223 Moldovan independence ___________________________________ 223 The demographic dimension _______________________________ 228 The sociolinguistic dimension ______________________________ 232 Legislation in minority language rights upon gaining status as ENP-state ________________________________________________ 235 Non-discrimination ______________________________________ 237 Minority language use in official contexts ___________________ 240 Minority language rights in education ______________________ 243 13 GEORGIA AND MINORITY LANGUAGE RIGHTS PROTECTION _____________________________________________ 248 Georgian independence ____________________________________