!! ! "#$%&"'!()#*$!*+! ,&$%#*$!*+!! !"#$%&$'()*+(,')%(#-.*/(#01%,)%.* $2"#-)2*3"41*5'.$#"'%.*4(,*6-1$-"4117*849%* :%.%4"&2* !"4&$'&%.** * * * Sadie Heckenberg BA Monash, BA(Hons) Monash Swinburne University of Technology A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Of Doctor of Philosophy July 2018 #$%&'#(&!! ! ! ! Indigenous oral history brings life to our community narratives and portrays so well the customs, beliefs and values of our old people. Much of our present day knowledge system relies on what has been handed down to us generation after generation. Learning through intergenerational exchange this Indigenous oral history research thesis focuses on Indigenous methodologies and ways of being. Prime to this is a focus on understanding cultural safety and protecting Indigenous spoken knowledge through intellectual property and copyright law. From an Indigenous and Wiradjuri perspective the research follows a journey of exploration into maintaining and strengthening ethical research practices based on traditional value systems. The journey looks broadly at the landscape of oral traditions both locally and internationally, so the terms Indigenous for the global experience; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander for the Australian experience; and Wiradjuri for my own tribal identity are all used within the research dialogue. ! ! "" ! #$%&'()*+,-*&./" " " " First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge and thank the Elders of the Wiradjuri Nation. Without their knowledge, mentorship and generosity I would not be here today. Most particularly my wonderful Aunty Flo Grant for her guidance, her care and her generosity. I would like to thank my supervisors Professor Andrew Gunstone, Dr Sue Anderson and Dr Karen Hughes. Thank you for going on this journey of discovery and reflection with me. Particularly I would like to thank Andrew, from first year to PhD I have really appreciated your guidance, teachings and friendship along the way. To my wonderful family. It has been an endeavor! The ups and downs of writing a thesis has been a real experience and something that I would not have been able to get through without you all. I would like to thank my mother, Robyn, who has always been there for me. My greatest confidante, my strength, and my inspiration, you are the reason that I have been able to achieve this dream. From the bottom of my heart thank you, you are simply wonderful. Praise Jesus!! To my brothers: Christopher, for our awesome conversations, Finian, for a herculean effort, Ionei, for always cheering me on. Thank you dad, Graeme, for being so supportive. There have been so many conversations and cups of tea over the years. There have been late nights, no sleep, worry, happiness, self-doubt and elation, and you all have been there through it all. I love you guys. I would also like to thank and acknowledge some of the institutions that have guided me on this learning journey. Firstly, I would like to thank the Australian-American Fulbright Commission for the 2014 Indigenous Postgraduate Scholarship to the University of Hawai!i at M"noa. This experience opened my eyes and allowed my heart to embrace a more international perspective to life and research. I would also like to acknowledge the National Library of Australia for the opportunity to be a Norman McCann Summer Scholar. Being able to roam such an amazing repository of knowledge gave me insights into all levels of historical research. Thank you Columbia University Center for Oral History. Being a Columbia University Oral History Institute Summer Fellow let me truly see what being part of international research cohort means. This PhD is for my late grandfather, Barrie Francis Heckenberg. You always believed Pop, I hope I made you proud. " !!! " $%&'()(*+,-#,.# (/*0,)10+2# # # # I declare that the content of this PhD by dissertation: •! Contains no material which has been accepted for the award to the candidate of any other degree or diploma, except where due reference is made in the text of the examinable outcome; •! To the best of my knowledge contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the examinable outcome; •! Where the work is based on joint research or publications, discloses the relative contributions of the respective workers or authors. Signed: Date: "#$%!&'() # !"# #$%&'"()" *(+#&+#," " " Abstract ......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ iii Declaration of Authorship ............................................................................................ iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER ONE: Wuuraa-ga-nah Introduction ........................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2 Context of the Research ................................................................................................ 7 Research Focus .............................................................................................................. 8 Significance of Research ............................................................................................. 10 Who are we? Indigenous voices .................................................................................. 13 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 15 Chapter Outlines .......................................................................................................... 16 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER TWO: Yindyamarra Methodology ........................................................... 24 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 25 Indigenous Methodology ............................................................................................ 32 Yindyamarra ................................................................................................................ 37 Oral History Methodology .......................................................................................... 39 Holistic Approach: Mixed Methodologies .................................................................. 47 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER THREE: Wiradjuri Ngurambang ............................................................. 53 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 54 Nginha ngurambang Marunbunmiligirridyu: I love this country ............................... 55 First Contact ................................................................................................................ 60 Warriors of the Wiradjuri: Wandradyne ..................................................................... 61 A New Law of the land ............................................................................................... 64 Missions within the Wiradjuri Nation ......................................................................... 68 Brungle (Tumut) ...................................................................................................... 70 Bulgandramine (Peak Hill) ..................................................................................... 72 Erambie (Cowra) ..................................................................................................... 76 Warangesda Mission (Darlington Point) ................................................................. 78 Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls ................................ 80 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER FOUR: Cultural Safety ............................................................................ 85 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 86 " !" A Model of Cultural Safety ......................................................................................... 92 Cultural Awareness .................................................................................................. 95 Cultural Sensitivity .................................................................................................. 97 Cultural Competence ............................................................................................... 98 Cultural Safety ....................................................................................................... 101 Cultural Safety in Practice ......................................................................................... 105 Reflections from the field .......................................................................................... 109 Conclusion ................................................................................................................