DOCUMENT OF INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION Public Disclosure Authorized Not For Public Use PA15 Vol. 2 Public Disclosure Authorized AGRICULTURAL SECTOR SURVEY NIGERIA (in three volumes) VOLUME II ANNEXES 1 - 6 Public Disclosure Authorized January 26, 1973 Public Disclosure Authorized Agriculture Projects Division West:ern Africa Regional Office This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit: Nigerian Pound (E) Prior to December 20, 1971: US$ 1 = N 0.357 NE13 = US$ 2.80 NE 1,OO,000 = Us$ 2,800,000 Since December 20,1971: US$ 1 NE 0.329 NE 1= US$ 3.04 N! 1,000,000 US$ 3,040,000 Fiscal Year April 1 - March 31 Weights and Measures Unless otherwise stated, the ton used in this report is the long ton. 1 ton (t) = 2,240 lbs =.1.016 metric (m) tons 1 m ton = 2,205 lbs = 0.98 ton 1 acre (ac) = 0.405 hectares (ha) 1 ha = 2-.47 ac Abbreviations A list of abbreviations used in this report appears on the page following the Preface. NIGERIA AGRICULTURAL SECTOR SURVEY VOLUME II - ANNEXES 1-6 Table of Contents ANNEX NO. Page No 1 LAND CLIMATE AND SOILS Land and Population ............... 1 Climate .................................. 2 Vegetation . ................................. 2 Soils .. ............................... 3 Present Land Use ................................. 6 2 DEMAND PROJECTIONS Overview ........ ......................... 1 Rubber .......... ....................... 3 Oil Palm Produce ................- 4 Cocoa ............... 5 Groundnuts ............... 6 Cot:ton ............... 7 Livestock ............... 8 Jut:e and Kenaf ................................... 10 Food Crops ............... 11 3 ANNUAL CROPS Production Zones and Farming Systems ........... 1 The Major Annual Crops ................. 2 Policies and Programs ........... .. ............... 13 Research and Extension .......... .. ............... 15 Input Supply, Marketing and Processing .......... 17 Investment and Preinvestment Activities .......... 20 Appendix 1 - Area and Production of Crops Appendix 2 - Returns to Labor Appendix 3 - Cotton Grades and Prices 4 TREE CROPS A. Rubber . ........................................... 1 The W4orld Situation ............................. 1 Nigeria's Rubber Industry ..... ................... 1 Program for Rubber ............................... 6 The Nucleus Plantations Approach ...... ........... 9 -2- ANNEX NO. Page No. B. Oil Palm ............. ................... 14 The World Situation .............................. 14 Nigeria's Oil Palm Industry ...................... 15 Program Implications ............................ 17 C. Cocoa ......... ....................... 23 Growing Conditions ............................... 23 The Nigerian Cocoa Industry ........ ............. 24 Future Production ............................... 25 Appendix 1 - Outline of a Rubber Project Appendix 2 - Outline of an Oil Palm Project 5 FORESTRY A. The Current Situation ...... ..................... 1 Forest Resources and Role in the Economy .... .... 1 General Policy and Management ..... .............. 2 Forest Industries ....... ........................ 3 Regeneration ......... ........................... 5 Marketing ........... ............................ 6 Forest Organization and Staff ..... .............. 7 B. The Basic Problems of Forestry Development ...... 8 Implication for Forestry Development .... ........ 10 Implementation Policy ...... ..................... 11 Improving Utilization ...... ..................... 16 Research and Manpower ........................... 17 C. Investment Opportunities ........................ 20 Pulp Mills ........ 20 Integrated Industries ........ ................... 21 Plantations ...................................... 21 Appendix 1 - Forest Estate of Nigeria Appendix 2 - Timber Exports by Product Classes Appendix 3 - Staff Numbers Appendix 4 - Forecast oE Total Wood Consumption Appendix 5 - Forecast of Total Wood Consumption in the Savanna Region 6 IRRIGATION PLANS AND PROSPECTS A. Introduction . ..................................... 1 Need for Irrigation .............................. 1 Land and Water Resources for Irrigation .... ...... 1 -3- ANIEX NO. Page No. Existing Irrigation ....... ....................... 5 Development Plans . ................................. 6 B. Development Plans ................................ 7 Irrigable Land Potentials ........................ 7 C. Problems and Constraints ......................... 16 Ongoing Schemes .................................. 16 Future Projects .................................. 17 D. Prospects for Irrigation ......................... 19 Economic Possibilities for Irrigation .... ........ 19 Priorities and Scheduling ........................ 20 Investrtents ...................................... 21 Studies .......... ................................ 21 Appendix 1 - Potential Irrigation Projects Appendix 2 - Existing Irrigation Projects Appendix 3 - Kano-Hadejia River Valley Studies ANNEX 1 Page 1 NIGERIA AGRICULTURAL SECTOR SURVEY LAND, CLIMATE AND SOILS Land and Population 1. The 12 states of Nigeria comprise 356,700 sq mi. The six northern states (North-Western, North-Central, North-Eastern, Kano, Benue-Plateati, and Kwara) cover 79% of total area, but, with the exception of Kano State, have relatively low population densities. The three eastern states (East-Central, South-Eastern and Rivers) account for 8% of total area, and in some locations have more than 1,000 persons per sq mi. The Western State, with 8% of total area, averaged 326 persons per sq mi in 1963, and Mid-Western State 170 per- sons. Table 1: POPULATION AND POPULATION DENSITIES Area Population/ % of '000 % of Per Sq Mi Total Persons Total Sq Mi Northern States 281,782 79 29,809 54 106 North-Western 65,143 5,733 88 North-Central 27,108 4,098 158 North-Eastern 1n5,300 7,893 78 Kano 16,630 5,775 339 Benue-Plateau 38,929 4,009 95 Kwara 28,672 2,399 84 Western State 29,100 8 9,488 17 326 Mid-Western State 14,922 4 2,536 4 170 Lagos 1,381 (0.4) 1,443 3 1,045 Eastern States 29,484 8 12,395 22 420 East-Central 11,310 7,228 711 South-Eastern 11,166 3,623 263 Rivers 7,008 1,544 233 Nigeria 356,669 100 55,671 100 156 /1 1963 Census. Source: Federal Office of Statistics. ANNEX 1 Page 2 2. The land rises gradually from the low-lying coastal areas of the south as mangrove and freshwater swamps give way to tropical high forests and successive belts of savanna land. The Niger river, flowing from north- west in Dahomey, and the Benue, flowing from Cameroon on the east through this savanna, converge at Lokoja, and flow about 250 mi southward into the great Niger Delta and the Atlantic Ocean. North of these river valleys, the park-like savanna predominates into Sudan savanna over the northern border and into the Sahara desert. In the north-central part of the country, a great plateau rises as a steep escarpment from the riverain plains of the Niger-Benue to an average height of 2,000 ft above sea level, with ranges of hills 5,000-6,000 ft around Jos. There also are highlands in the east along the Cameroon border. The amount of highlands, however, is limited. More than 90% of total area is less than 2,000 ft above sea level; almost one-half is less than 800 ft. Climate 3. Nigeria's climate is tropical -- humid tropical in the south and dry tropical in the north. Temperatures along the southern coastal area vary from 70° to 90°F, but in the north range more widely, reaching over 1000 F and sometimes dropping below 500F. Annual rainfall ranges from more than 160 in in the south-east to 20 in and lower in the north-east. There are two weather seasons: the rainy season, which usually lasts from April to November in the south and from May to October in the north, and the dry sea- son during the rest of the year. The north has periods of up to seven months with less than one inch of rain (see Map of Ecological Zones, Volume I). During the dry months, north-east trade winds blow from the Sahara, bringing a dry, dustladen wind known as the harmattan. For a few days each year, the wind is felt as far south as the coast. In the wet months, a south-west monsoon blows from the Gulf of Guinea, bringing, rain. Vegetation 4. Vegetation can be broadly divided into east-west parallel bands, ranging from mangrove and fresh-water swamp forest along the coast to closed high forest in the south and open thorn savanna in the north. There is some grassland on the Jos Plateau in the center of the country and some mountain forest and grassland on the Mambilla Plateaiu in the south-east along the Cameroon border. About 80% of the country is covered by savanna of different types. Table 2 below lists the vegetation zones and approximate areas of each, moving from mainly north to south, and see Map of Ecological Zones. ANNEX 1 Page 3 Table 2: VEGETATION ZONES Approximate Range Approximate Zone of Annual Rainfall Area (in) ('000 sq mi) Savanna Sahel less than 20-20 11 Sudan 20-40 90 Sub-Sudan 30-50 53 Northern Guinea 40-60 44 Southern Guinea 40-60 51 Derived savanna 50-80 49 Total Savanna 298 Forest 50-100 40 Freshwater swamp 60-160 6 Maggrove 60-160 7 Plateau 60-80 3 Montane 60-80 2 Total Nigeria 356 Source: Areas calculated from Map 2 in FAO Savanna Forestry Research Station Interim Report, 1970. Soils 5. Although soil surveys have been underway