Short and long term storage of wet by-products fed to ruminants Szilvia Orosz Livestock Performance Ltd., Head of NIR Feed Laboratory Honorary associate professor, Szent István University, Hungary Dave Davies Silage Solutions Ltd, Wales, UK Honorary professor, Szent István University, Hungary Outline 1. Importance of wet by-products as feedstuffs, volume produced worldwide. 2. General description of diversity, industrial processes, nutritive value. 3. Short term storage – top vs. inner subsurface layer – treatments. 4. Long term storage – ensiling characteristics, – aerobic stability, – mixtures, – additives, – silo types. 5. Opportunities for research work in the future Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary ‚Distillery dairies’: Swill Milk Scandal in 1850s in New York The Swill Milk Scandal was a major adulterated food scandal in New York in the 1850s. Cows were fed swill which was residual mash from nearby distilleries. MESSAGE FOR THE XXI CENTURY: BENEFITS: • AVAILABLE FEED SOURCE IN HIGH VOLUME • ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT HAZARD: • ANIMAL HEALTH RISK • STORAGE CHALLENGES • FOOD SAFETY (eg. AFLATOXIN) Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Importance of wet by-products: SUPPLY approx. 1000 million ton/year for feeding Corn gluten meal and Pineapple by-products corn gluten feed 15 MT and leaves 8MT Main wet by product sources and Banana producers by-products 22 MT Wheat distillers 1. Sugar factory Corn distillers grain 40 grain 4MT MT • sugar beet pulp Wet brewers grain (USA, EU: GE, RU) 40 MT • sugar cane by-products Sugar beet pulp (Brazil, China, India) Sorghum • sorghum by-products by-products 62MT 247 MT (USA, Africa, Australia) Citrus 2. Fruit by-products: citrus pulp by-products (Brazil) 135 MT Sugar cane by-products 3. Brewers’ by-products: brewers’ 200 MT grain (Brazil, China, USA) 4. Distillers’ by-products: DDGS (corn: USA; wheat: EU) 5. Starch or ethanol prod.: CGF (USA, EU, Asia) Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Types of wet by-products from sugar industry Wet sugar beet pulp (247 million ton/year: for feed and biogas) • DM: 20-25% (perishable) Washing • Sugar: 5%DM (palatable) • dNDF:20-25 %DM (hemicellulose) for cattle Shreding • Heat–stress TMR ingredients in dry continental region: Slicing into V-shaped strips DMI and milk fat%. (2 mm wide) • Good fermentability: ’Sausage’ (successfull story) Passing into a rotating diffuser drum immersed in water at 72°C • 1993/94: more than 1 million tonnes of pressed sugar beet Screw-pressing (10-15% DM , pulp across Europe have been stored in plastic tube silos 2nd press: 20-25%DM) (Budissa Bag Technologies ) Dry Crude Crude Total NDF ADF lignin OMd ME matter protein fiber sugars MJ/kg % %DM % DM sugar beet pulp, fresh 24.1 8.6 21 49.3 24.8 1.8 5.1 83 11.2 sugar beet pulp, silage 23.9 9.5 21 50.0 25.2 1.6 82.4 11.0 Livestock5 Performance Ltd. Hungary Types of wet by-products from sugar industry Sugarcane by-products (200 million ton/year for feed) Field: sugarcane tops (DM:30%, CF:35%DM, ADL:6%DM, CP:5-7%DM) Process: • sugarcane bagasse (DM: 45%, CF: 45%DM , ADL: 12% DM , CP: 2%DM ) • ‚Factory’ bagasse: poor dig, fibrous forage • ‚Farm’ bagasse: higher sugar content, higher nutritive value • sugarcane mud Heuzé et al, 2014 Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Types of wet by-products derived from breweries wet brewers’ grains: barley, wheat, maize, rice and sorghum (high protein –seasonal product) wet wet brewers brewers grain, grain, fresh ensiled (barley) (barley) Dry matter % 24,9 25,6 Crude protein 25,9 29,2 Crude fiber 16,4 16 NDF 49,6 57,5 ADF %DM 20,8 21 Lignin 5,7 5 Starch* 5,7 - Total sugars 1 - OMd % 61,9 62,6 MJ/kg DM ME 10 10,2 Heuzé et al, 2015 N dig. ruminants % 76,5 78,3 Livestock7 Performance Ltd. Hungary Distillers’ by-products: ‚dry-milling’ Corn distilleries produce: • alcoholic beverages, • industrial ethanol • ethanol as biofuel (corn-based: USA) Dry-milling distillery -ethanol production (40 million ton/year) : • spent grains, wet grains, • wet distillers grain (WDG), • wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS), • distillers wet grains with solubles (DWGS), • dried distillers grain (DDG), • condensed distillers solubles - syrup(CDS), • dried distillers solubles (DDS) (Heuzé et al, 2014) • dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS: CP: 40% M, STARCH <8%DM, low lysine, UDP-source) Livestock8 Performance Ltd. Hungary By-products from starch or ethanol production : ‚wet-milling’ Wet-milling products: 1. maize starch, 2. maize germ oil meal, 3. maize steep liquor 4. corn gluten meal, 5. corn gluten feed (meal + CGF: 15 million ton/year) Corn gluten feed (WET OR DRIED) • maize bran + maize steep liquor +distillers solubles, +germ meal, +cracked maize screenings. • NUTRITIVE VALUE: •DM: 40% •starch: 24-28% DM •CP: 20-25% DM (70% dg.) • acidic (pH approx. 4.0-4.5), but perishable • mycotoxin hazard: aflatoxinB1, DON, T2 F2 (Heuzé et al, 2014 ) • corn gluten meal 65%CP corn gluten feed 20-25% CP Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Fruit wet by-products: citrus by-products The main producer of citrus fruit for processing is Brazil 2010: 47% of the world production, followed by the USA (29%). grapefruit: Citrus pulp lemon and 8,5 M lime: ton/year • solid residue that remains after fresh fruits are 15,2 M squeezed into juice. ton/year orange: • 50-70% of the fresh weight of the original fruit: 71,4 M mandarin: • peel (60-65%), ton/year 28,7 M • internal tissues (30-35%) (61%) ton/year • seeds (0-10%) • nutritive value: • DM: 20% • soluble fibre (pectins): 40% DM • high energy content and good digestibility in ruminant species • palatable to cattle WOLRDWIDE: • health risk: rumenparakeratosis, unbalanced Ca: P ratio 135 million TON/YEAR • stability and fermentation: • fresh: natural acidity, but still quite perishable • aerobically unstable – quick deterioration Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Short term storage: aerobic spoilage on the surface and subsurface processes of wet by-products Periodic delivery of fresh material from the factories to farms (20-40 ton/week): Achilles ’hill’ What is happening inside and outside? How can we protect? Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary FOOD SAFETY AND ANIMAL HEALTH RISK: MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION Toxigenic fungi: wet by-products are Fusarium/Aspergillus on particularly at risk maize 1. in the field the grain can be infected by molds and contaminated by mycotoxins before harvest (AFLA B1, DON, T2, F2) 2. during the industrial process Sugar beet pulp mycotoxin concentration will be increased in the by-product due to starch and protein extraction (mycotoxins in the bran), 3. on farm, during the short term storage in open-air (often non-covered) horizontal piles before feeding: aerobic spoilage (roquefortin) Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Short term storage: aerobic spoilage on the surface and subsurface processes of wet CGF (Hungary, 2007) Temperature control Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Temperature changes in wet CGF compared to the ambient temperature at depth of 10 cm - aerobic top layer (n=5) 50 C) ° 45 Ambient temp. 40 ControlWet CGF 35 Temperature ( Temperature 30 25 20 15 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Aerobic days of short term storage Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Short term storage: aerobic spoilage on the surface and subsurface processes of wet CGF (Hungary, 2007) The surface: visible spoilage after 14 aerobic days Untreated: TOP 10 cm Untreated: 50 cm Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Wet CGF temperature at depth of 10 cm and 50 cm on the 14th day of aerobic storage (ambient temperature: 22°C, n=5) ) C 60 ° ( 47.4a 50 pH: 5.5 vs. 4.1 40 Temperature 30 22.1d 20 Anaerobic 10 conditions? 0 10 cm 50 cm Different letters indicate significant difference, p< 0,05 Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Surface and subsurface processes in wet brewers’ grain under aerobic and anaerobic conditions after 10 days storage (n=5, 0.3% PA:FA 1:1, 0.5% PA:FA 1:1, buffered 0.5% PA:FA 1:1) 8 Aerobic mesophil bacteria 7 6,5a 6,5a Moulds 6 5,1a 4,9a 5,0b 5 log log 10 CFU g/kg 4,5b 4,1b 4,0b 4 2,7b 3,0b 3,0c 3,0c 3,0c 3 2 1 0,0c 0,0c 0,0c 0 Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic Control 0,30% 0,50% 0,5% buff. Different letters show significant differences p< 0.05 Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Changes in wet brewers’ grain under aerobic and anaerobic conditions after 10 days storage (n=5, 0.3% PA:FA 1:1, 0.5% PA:FA 1:1, buffered 0.5% PA:FA 1:1) 20 18 Propionic acid g/kg DM 16 Ethanol in control WBG: Acetic acid 10,1c Lactic acid 14 aerobic: 0a g/kg DM anaerobic:1,84bg/kg DM 10,3c 12 5,9b 10 0,4a 4,2d 4,3d 8 2,7c 6 3,2c 2,6c 2,1c 2,3c 0,3a 6,7b 4 0,2a 1,4a 4,6c 5,3c 4,8c 4,8c 4,8c 2 0,8a 1,3a 1,6b 1,4a 0 Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic Control 0,30% 0,50% 0,5% buff. Different letters show significant differences p< 0.05 Livestock Performance Ltd. Hungary Inhibitory effect of different treatments on deterioration of wet by-products during short term storage Additives: mould and enterobacteria inhibitors • propionic acid • propionic salts: the propionate solution at pH 4.86 was as effective as pure propionic acid (pH = 1.70), so does have considerable antimicrobial activity. • formic acid and its salts, • propionic acid/salt and formic acid/salt mixtures, • buffered acids by ammonia, • sodium benzoate • potassium sorbate Livestock Performance Ltd.