EXTERIOR LIGHTING GUIDE FOR FederAL AgenCieS SPONSORS TABLE OF CONTENTS The U.S. Department of Energy, the Federal Energy Management Program, page 02 INTRODUctiON page 44 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and the California Lighting Plasma Lighting page 04 REASONS FOR OUTDOOR Technology Center (CLTC) at the University of California, Davis helped fund and Networked Lighting LiGHtiNG RETROFitS create the Exterior Lighting Guide for Federal Agencies. Photovoltaic (PV) Lighting & Systems Energy Savings LBNL conducts extensive scientific research that impacts the national economy at Lowered Maintenance Costs page 48 EXTERIOR LiGHtiNG RETROFit & $1.6 billion a year. The Lab has created 12,000 jobs nationally and saved billions of Improved Visual Environment DESIGN BEST PRActicES dollars with its energy-efficient technologies. Appropriate Safety Measures New Lighting System Design Reduced Lighting Pollution & Light Trespass Lighting System Retrofit CLTC is a research, development, and demonstration facility whose mission is Lighting Design & Retrofit Elements page 14 EVALUAtiNG THE CURRENT to stimulate, facilitate, and accelerate the development and commercialization of Structure Lighting LIGHtiNG SYSTEM energy-efficient lighting and daylighting technologies. This is accomplished through Softscape Lighting Lighting Evaluation Basics technology development and demonstrations, as well as offering outreach and Hardscape Lighting Conducting a Lighting Audit education activities in partnership with utilities, lighting manufacturers, end users, Automobile Spaces Lighting Audit Guidelines builders, designers, researchers, academics, and government agencies. Pedestrian Spaces Lighting Audit Log Outdoor Sport Lighting page 20 LiGHtiNG LiFESPAN & Outdoor Retail Lighting MAINTENANCE PLANNING page 58 Retrofit Economics CONCLUSION Life-Cycle Cost-Benefit Analysis page 60 APPENDIX Relamping Best Practices Funding Your Project page 67 GLOSSARY Recycling Tips Case Studies Lighting System Maintenance Log page 28 LiGHtiNG CONTROLS Daylighting Control Systems Occupancy Controls Lighting Controls / Implementation page 34 SOURCE TECHNOLOGIES Filament-Based Light Sources Fluorescent Light Sources High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Best Practices for Selecting Products Exterior Lighting: Source Technologies Exterior Lighting Guide for FederAL AgenCieS 3 INTRODUCTION Exterior lighting comprises a large portion of energy This document provides overviews of exterior lighting technologies that would use at national parks. This guide should assist best be integrated into national parks as retrofits or new designs, as well as tips for evaluating light sources, performing a lighting audit, and pairing lamps with lighting facilities managers in choosing the correct luminaires controls. The key issues to consider when performing a retrofit or new lighting and practices for their spaces to reduce energy use design are energy, cost, and maintenance savings, and this guide is intended to and make their spaces more visually appealing and help make these decisions easier. safe for visitors. Lighting in national parks plays a significant role in keeping visitors safe and enhancing their stays. For example, using the correct sources to light paths and trails can contribute to visitors’ safety without upsetting the natural beauty of the park. And illuminating key attractions with energy-efficient luminaires can make their trips more memorable. Exterior lighting often is on for extended periods of time, if not 24 hours a day. By combining high-quality sources with occupant-responsive controls, the energy use can be reduced with immediate results. In the past, high pressure sodium lamps were the most efficient choice. However, the quality of light was sacrificed for efficiency. Improved ballasts for induction lamps, emerging LED luminaires, and new improvements in HID sources broaden the scope of choices. When combined with the right sensors to maximize efficiency without compromising safety, exterior lighting can be vastly improved, typically saving more than 50% in retrofit applications. © Kathreen Fontecha TABle of ContentS 4 Lighting Retrofit Guide for FederAL AgenCieS REASonS for Outdoor Lighting RetrofitS 5 REASONS FOR OUTDOOR LIGHTING RETROFITS In the United states today, most residents seldom Pervasive outdoor lighting, which allows myriad activities to continue outside even experience truly dark skies, no matter what after the sun goes down, obstructs the view of the night sky. time of night they find themselves outdoors. People rely on exterior lighting for safety, security, guidance, and recreation. Although traditional technologies and lighting designs initially met these fundamental needs, light sources, controls, and lighting designs have improved in recent years. These improvements, coupled with a nationwide push toward increased energy efficiency, have prompted widespread implementation of lighting retrofit programs. Advancements in exterior lighting technologies include increased energy savings, reduced maintenance costs, improved visual environment, enhanced safety measures, and reduced light pollution. ENERGY SAVINGS Lighting retrofits can lower energy use and costs without sacrificing light levels or quality. In addition, switching to more advanced technologies may allow users to implement lighting controls, which deliver increase functionality and energy savings. The Energy Information Administration estimates residential and commercial sectors used about 526 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity for lighting in 2007 — enough energy to power all homes in New York state for 107 years. This amount represents 19% of total electricity consumed by both sectors and 14% of total U.S. electricity consumption.1 Residences consumed about 215 billion kWh — about 15% of residential electricity consumption.2 The commercial sector consumed about 311 billion kWh for lighting, which is 23% of that sector’s electricity consumption. Exterior lighting is included in this use and is an excellent opportunity for national parks to reduce electricity consumption. 1 U.S. Energy Information Administration: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ask/electricity_faqs.asp. 2 U.S. Energy Information Administration. © California Lighting Technology Center, UC Davis CREDIT . Kathreen Fontecha TABle of ContentS 6 Lighting Retrofit Guide for FederAL AgenCieS REASonS for Outdoor Lighting RetrofitS 7 FIGURE 1. Low pressure sodium CAliforniA: CASE StudieS In another notable case study by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) for the Lighting Energy Quick Facts streetlights (top) were retrofitted Although California’s energy use per capita is the third lowest in the nation, Emerging Technologies Program, several low pressure sodium (LPS) streetlights 1. The United States Energy with LED luminaires (bottom) in San Jose (Figure 1) were retrofitted with LED systems. Lighting retrofits in San Jose, CA, for 62% there is a growing movement to further reduce this use by implementing Information Administration consisted of a one-to-one replacement of 118 55 W nominal LPS fixtures with energy savings. energy-efficient technology. Lighting is one sector targeted for improvement. reports that 19% of lighting is continuously dimmable LED luminaires rated at 75 W. The LED streetlight California Assembly Bill 1109 (Huffman, Chapter 534, Statutes of 2007), for residential and commercial systems, operating at 50% power, had an energy savings of 62% over the in combination with federal lighting standards, requires inefficient exterior lighting use, and those sectors incumbent LPS system.4 technologies to be replaced with improved devices to reduce electricity use by no account for 14% of total U.S. less than 25% from 2007 levels by 2018. To accomplish this goal, exterior lighting In a last case study by the San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E) for the electricity consumption. retrofits for public and private properties are increasing across the state. city of San Diego, advanced street lighting technologies, including induction and 2. Consumers who retrofit LED lighting systems, replaced high pressure sodium (HPS) lighting systems. CAliforniA CoMMerCIAL And InduStriAL Outdoor Lighting existing lighting systems, use In this study, one-to-one replacements of HPS were made using induction and more efficient luminaires, Consumption 3067 GWh LED systems. The LED and induction streetlight systems had average energy and use bi-level and savings of 31% and 43% over the incumbent HPS lighting systems.5 Winter peak 7 – 8 p.m. occupancy control systems Implementing the knowledge from these case studies at national parks depends on can expect energy savings of Summer peak 9 p.m. the setting. Bollards could be effective outside park visitors centers and along trails more than 50% compared to www.fypower.org/bpg/module.html?b=institutional&m=Lighting&s=Outdoor_Areas and pathways. Choosing one new technology over another to replace older lamps existing systems. will vary by location, and determining which light source will work best in a space is The following summaries of four California case studies provide tangible examples 3. Many new lighting systems addressed later in the guide, in “Evaluating the Current Lighting System.” of the potential reductions in energy consumption that can result from exterior offer significant increases lighting retrofits. in system lifetimes, resulting LOWERED MAINTENANCE COSTS in lower maintenance costs In one California