CENTERED ON THE PERIPHERY: THE CHANGING DYNAMIC BETWEEN IONIA AND IMPERIAL POWERS 454-C.294 BCE JOSHUA P. NUDELL A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL AT THE UNVIERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY MAY 2017 © Copyright Joshua P. Nudell, 2017 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled: CENTERED ON THE PERIPHERY: THE CHANGING DYNAMIC BETWEEN IONIA AND IMPERIAL POWERS, 454-C.294 BCE Presented by Joshua P. Nudell, A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ________________________________________________ Professor Ian Worthington ________________________________________________ Professor A. Mark Smith ________________________________________________ Professor Anatole Mori ________________________________________________ Professor Theodore A. Tarkow ________________________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey A. Stevens This dissertation has two dedications: First: to the memories of my grandfathers, Irving Nudell (d. 2017) and Robert Spaulding (d. 2012). Second: to the refugees risking their lives in the crossing from Turkey to Chios. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is no such thing as purely intellectual activity, divorced from the politics and cares of the world. Credit for this dissertation belongs to me, but I owe no mean debt to a large number of people for the final product. The first debt is to my family, whom I do not see or speak to nearly as often as I ought. I am eternally grateful that they instilled (and tolerated) a love of reading and learning from an early age, supported and encouraged what has turned out to be a lifetime of education. This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my two grandfathers, Robert Spaulding and Irving Nudell, both of whom passed away while I was completing my PhD. The second debt is to my friends, old and new, whose presence enriches my life. These are the people with whom I play, converse, celebrate, and commiserate. There are too many people to list individually, but three are due special mention: Josh Klindienst and Hana Akselrod, who are my biggest cheerleaders (Hana receives another commendation for once translating an article from Russian), and my partner Elizabeth, who bears the brunt of my frustrations. The third debt is to all those people who have contributed to my education. My deepest gratitude goes out to those teachers who have helped me along the way and indulged my curiosity. Particular thanks in this goes out to my high school Latin teacher, Norma Weisen, three members of the Brandeis Classics Department, Ann Koloski- Ostrow, Cheryl Walker, and Lenny Muellner, as well as William Kapelle from the Brandeis History Department. The fourth debt is to the people and programs that have offered me academic support in my developing and writing this dissertation. Most importantly, I owe a great deal to my advisor, Ian Worthington. He has read innumerable chapter drafts over the past three years and spilled gallons of ink improving this project in ways both large and small. It is also to his credit that this project exists at all, since it was an innocuous question to him from a publisher about writing a new book on Caria that was the earliest seed of this project. I said “no” to Caria, but it caused me to start looking at the Greeks of Asia Minor. I owe Ian my gratitude for allowing me the freedom to develop this project, as well as for his crusade to purge my writing of a number of tics (I am sure there are still ii brutally abused commas and number disagreements left to be found), and for his unflagging support over the eight years I have been at the University of Missouri. I likewise owe a debt to my committee members, Anatole Mori, A. Mark Smith, Ted Tarkow, and Jeff Stevens for their support over the years, some in reading drafts of my dissertation, others for their support of me at conferences and in course work, and all for their availability to step up as needed. I would also like to acknowledge the University of Missouri History Department, Graduate School, and Ancient Studies Program for awarding me travel funding to support my research and the History Department for offering me a dissertation fellowship for the 2015-2016 academic year. I would also like to express my gratitude to scholars outside the University of Missouri who gave astute feedback on portions of my research after reading chapter drafts or in discussion at conferences, including Andrew Erskine, Lee Patterson, and Jeanne Reames. Stephen Ruzicka is deserving of special mention since he graciously read and gave feedback on the entire manuscript. By way of the final acknowledgement, I must explain the second dedication. Early on in the dissertation process, I set up Google alerts for news stories about the Ionian poleis. This decision had unforeseen consequences since, for instance, there is an Ephesus lighting company. The most common alert, however, was getting an almost daily update about the ongoing refugee crisis. After a while I stopped reading all of the updates because it was too heart-wrenching; one story that will never leave me was about a police raid on a factory that was using refugee children to make “life vests” out of non- buoyant material for sale to refugees trying to cross illegally into Chios. The situation for these refugees remains critical, both on Chios and in Turkey, but the dedication also transcends humanitarian impulse. I am struck that the flood of refugees from Syria and elsewhere in the Middle East, displaced from their homes and seeking safety in Europe, has been making their way across the length of Turkey to the ancient region of Ionia (and Aeolis) before crossing to Greece. In the aggregate, this is roughly the same route taken by the ancient Persian royal road and thus they are living embodiment of the continuing relevance of one of the central themes in my dissertation: that Ionia was one of the links connecting East and West. To all of these people and more: thank you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Abbreviations v Map of Ionia ix I. Introduction 1 II. Ionia and Ionians, 454-c.294: A Reassessment 1. Prologue: Ionia, 478-454 18 2. Ionia under Athenian Hegemony: 454-412 22 3. Battlefield Ionia: 412-387 52 4. Persian and Hecatomnid Domination: 387-336 75 5. The Liberation of Ionia?: 336-323 106 6. From Alexander to Lysimachus: 323-c.294 134 7. A Synopsis of Classical and Early Hellenistic Ionia: Freedom’s Just Another Word 163 III. Thematic Case Studies: New Perspectives on Classical and early Hellenistic Ionia 8. The Ionian League in the Classical Period 170 9. Ephesus and the Delian League 175 10. A Product of Alliance: Ionian Levies in Spartan Campaigns in Asia, 412-394 189 11. “Does anyone care about those Greeks living in Asia?:” Ionia and Attic Orators in the 4th Century 209 12. Interstate Arbitration between Ionian Poleis 249 13. Ionian Exiles, Poleis, and Alexander’s Exiles Decree 261 14. The Burden of Empire on Ionia: A Study of Phoros Payments 274 15. Ionian Coinage and the Delian League: Economic Imperialism and the Standards Decrees 297 16. Ionian Commodity Networks: A Tumultuous Fourth Century? 320 17. Monuments to Commercial Prosperity?: Construction and Reconstruction at Ionian Sanctuaries 339 18. Hellenistic Kings, War, and the Economy in Ionia 369 19. Accustomed to Obedience: “Decadent” Ionia and the Reputation for Martial Weakness 386 20. Between Local and Global: Ionian Intellectuals and the Aegean World 405 IV. Conclusions 439 Bibliography 445 Vita 488 iv Note to the reader The transliteration of Greek names and places in English is a chronic problem. I have chosen to anglicize Greek names except where common usage dictates otherwise (e.g. “Teos,” rather than “Teus”) and in some cases of Greek terms that will be apparent in the text. I have provided the original Greek texts and vocabulary as well as translations throughout this thesis. Translations of ancient sources, including inscriptions are identified in the notes; all unattributed translations are my own. All dates are BCE, unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations Names of journals are abbreviated as in L’Année Philologique. The following abbreviations are used for ancient authors: Aelian VH Aelian, Varia Historia Aristoph. Aristophanes Aristoph. Lys. Aristophanes, Lysistrata Arist. Aristotle Arist. Pol. Aristotle, Politics [Arist.] Oec. Pseudo-Aristotle, Oeconimica Arr. Arrian, Anabasis Arr. Arrian, History of the Successors Athen. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae Curt. Quintus Curtius Rufus Dem. Demosthenes Din. Dinarchus Diod. Diodorus Siculus Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius Hdt. Herodotus Isoc. Isocrates Mor. Moralia Pausanias Pausanias, Description of Greece Pliny NH Pliny, Natural History Plut. Ages. Plutarch, Life of Agesilaus Plut. Alex. Plutarch, Life of Alexander Plut. Arist. Plutarch, Life of Aristides Plut. Artax. Plutarch, Life of Artaxerxes Plut. Demet. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius Plut. Dem. Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes Plut. Lys. Plutarch, Life of Lysander Plut. Per. Plutarch, Life of Pericles [Plut.] Pseudo-Plutarch v Polyaenus Polyaenus, Strategemata Strabo Strabo, Geography Theophrastus HP Theophrastus, History of Plants Thuc. Thucydides Xen. Ages. Xenophon, Agesilaus Xen. Anab. Xenophon, Anabasis Xen. Hell. Xenophon, Hellenica [Xen.] Ath. Pol. Pseudo-Xenophon, Athenaion Politeia The following abbreviations are used for frequently cited modern works: Ager S.L. Ager, Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337-90 B.C. (Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997) ATL 1-3 B.D. Meritt, H.T. Wade-Gery, and M.F. McGregor, The Athenian Tribute Lists, 4 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939-1953) BNJ I. Worthington (editor-in-chief), Brill's New Jacoby (online, Leiden: Brill, 2007- ) Bosworth, HCA I A.B.