Summer Institute of Linguistics Pouye Grammar Essentials Alternate/previous name: Bouye ISO 639-3 (Ethnologue) Code: [BYE] Lumi District, Sandaun Province Papua New Guinea June 2011 Wendy Dede & Dorothea Reuter Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 5 2. Phonology ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Consonants ......................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Vowels and vowel glides .................................................................................. 8 2.3 Syllable structure ............................................................................................... 9 2.4 Morphophonemics ........................................................................................... 11 2.5 Morphophonemics within Words .................................................................... 12 2.5.1 Trill deletion ..................................................................................................... 12 2.5.2 Vowel epenthesis .............................................................................................. 13 2.5.3 Consonant coalescence ..................................................................................... 15 2.5.4 Approximant consonant epenthesis .................................................................. 16 2.5.5 Vowel deletion ................................................................................................. 17 2.5.6 Labial-velar approximant deletion ................................................................... 17 2.5.7 Dissimilation ..................................................................................................... 18 2.5.8 Vowel harmony ................................................................................................ 18 2.6 Morphophonemics between Word Breaks ...................................................... 18 2.6.1 Alveolar plosive epenthesis .............................................................................. 18 2.6.2 Trill deletion ..................................................................................................... 19 2.7 Phonology of loan words ................................................................................ 19 3. Nouns and Noun Phrases .............................................................................. 21 3.1 Nouns ............................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 Postpositions ..................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Intensification ................................................................................................... 22 3.1.3 Plurality ............................................................................................................ 23 3.1.4 Object Marking................................................................................................. 25 3.1.5 Possession ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1.6 Compound Nouns ............................................................................................. 27 3.1.7 Noun Suffix Order ............................................................................................ 28 3.2 Pronouns .......................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Personal Pronouns ............................................................................................ 29 3.2.2 Interrogative Pronouns ..................................................................................... 31 3.2.3 Demonstratives ................................................................................................. 33 3.2.4 Quantifiers ........................................................................................................ 34 3.2.5 Numerals........................................................................................................... 34 1 Pouye Grammar Essentials 3.2.6 Non-numeral Quantifiers ................................................................................. 36 3.2.7 Adjectives ......................................................................................................... 38 3.2.8 Noun Phrase ..................................................................................................... 40 3.2.9 Modified Noun Phrase ..................................................................................... 40 3.2.10 Intensified Noun Phrase ................................................................................... 43 3.2.11 Numeral Phrase ................................................................................................ 44 3.2.12 Possessive Noun Phrase ................................................................................... 45 3.2.13 Postpositional Noun Phrase ............................................................................. 45 3.2.14 Appositional Noun Phrase ............................................................................... 46 3.2.15 Coordinate Noun Phrase .................................................................................. 46 4. Verbs and Verb Phrases ................................................................................48 4.1.1 Verbs ................................................................................................................ 48 4.1.2 Deontic modality (-8) ....................................................................................... 51 4.1.3 Epistemic modality (-7) ................................................................................... 52 4.1.4 Mood (-6) ......................................................................................................... 54 4.1.5 Agent (-5) ......................................................................................................... 55 4.1.6 Temporal element (-4) ..................................................................................... 55 4.1.7 Spatial location (-3) .......................................................................................... 57 4.1.8 Direction (-2) .................................................................................................... 59 4.1.9 Adverbial (-1) ................................................................................................... 61 4.1.10 Manner (adverbial) (+1) ................................................................................. 62 4.1.11 Degree (adverbial) (+2) .................................................................................. 65 4.1.12 Aspect (+3) ..................................................................................................... 68 4.1.13 Beneficiary (+4) .............................................................................................. 69 4.1.14 Aspect (+5) ..................................................................................................... 69 4.1.15 Number (+6) ................................................................................................... 71 4.1.16 Adverbial (+7) ................................................................................................ 71 4.1.17 Compound Verbs ............................................................................................. 73 4.1.18 Verb Phrase ...................................................................................................... 73 5. Adverbs .........................................................................................................74 6. Pouye Clause Structure..................................................................................76 6.1.1 Order................................................................................................................. 76 6.1.2 Focus and Emphasis ......................................................................................... 78 6.2 Clause Types .................................................................................................... 80 6.2.1 Simple Clause ................................................................................................... 80 6.2.2 Verbless Clause ................................................................................................ 82 6.2.3 Postpositional Phrase ....................................................................................... 83 6.2.4 Interrogative Clause ......................................................................................... 84 6.2.5 Passive type construction ................................................................................. 85 2 7. Complex Sentence Structure ......................................................................... 85 7.1.1 Relative Clauses ............................................................................................... 85 7.1.2 Serial Verbs ...................................................................................................... 86 7.1.3 Coordination ..................................................................................................... 87 8. Lexical Considerations