Common Collector (Emitter Follower) Amplifier • Gain is never better than unity, however, has some desirable input and output impedance characteristics --- acts as a buffer VCC RC C3 RS C1 C2 vs RB RE RL -VEE Lecture 15-1 Common Collector (Emitter Follower) Amplifier • Without RC there is no need for C3 VCC RS C1 C2 vs RB RE RL -VEE Lecture 15-2 Emitter FollowerExample • Calculate the voltage gain, current gain, input resistance and output resistance • Assume capacitors are infinite • 1) Calculate dc operating point +10V β = 100 10kΩ VA = 100 Ω vs 100k 10kΩ 10kΩ -10V Lecture 15-3 Emitter Follower Example • 2) Establish small signal model 10kΩ π Ω r β r vs 100k ib o 10kΩ 10kΩ Lecture 15-4 Amplifier Input Resistance, Rib • 3) Calculate input resistance 10kΩ π Ω r β r vs 100k ib o 10kΩ 10kΩ Lecture 15-5 Transistor’s Input Resistance, Rib • “Reflect” impedances into base from emitter for simplified input resistance calcuation 3kΩ 100kΩ βi Rib b 10kΩ 119kΩ 10kΩ Lecture 15-6 Amplifier Input Resistance, Ri • RB is part of the amplifier circuit, and adds to the input resistance to the transistor Ω Ω 3k β Ri 100k ib 10kΩ 119kΩ 10kΩ • Amplifier input resistance is limited by RB in this circuit. Why not make it bigger? Lecture 15-7 Emitter Follower --- Buffer • Even though the load resistance is 10kΩ, the input resistance is much higher • This is a desirable feature of a buffer amplifier, especially if RS is large, or RL is small • Is Rin big enough for our example? What is vi? RS π Ω v r β r vs 100k i ib o 10kΩ RL Lecture 15-8 Emitter Follower --- Buffer • Further voltage division for the amplifier stage • Most easily seen using other small signal model α ie vi re 10kΩ r o RL Lecture 15-9 Analysis by Inspection • Experienced analog designers just analyze the circuit directly by inspection +10V 10kΩ Ω vs 100k 10kΩ 10kΩ -10V Lecture 15-10 Analysis by Inspection • What if RL is much less than RE? +10V 10kΩ vs 10kΩ RL -10V Lecture 15-11 Emitter Follower Current Gain • No voltage gain, but acts as a buffer to drive small impedance loads • Provides good current amplification 10kΩ π Ω r β vs 100k ib 10kΩ 119kΩ 10kΩ Lecture 15-12 Current Gain 10kΩ π Ω r β vs 100k ib 10kΩ 119kΩ 10kΩ Lecture 15-13 Output Resistance, Ro • 4) Calculate output resistance 10kΩ π Ω r β r 0 100k ib o 10kΩ Ro Lecture 15-14 Output Resistance, Ro Lecture 15-15 SPICE Results VCC dc solution 10V + - IC 839.882 µA RS C2 Q1 10E3Ω 1E-6F IIN Custom +- 0.000 pA C1 VINAC VSSIN VIN RB 1E-6F IO + + SIN + 100E3Ω +- 0.000 pV -758.300 mV 0.000 pA VOUT - - RE + 10E3Ω 0.000 pV - RL 10E3Ω VEE + -10V Lecture 15-16 SPICE Results voltage gain time 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 ms 10 mV 0 -10 VINAC VOUT Lecture 15-17 SPICE Results current gain time 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 ms 1 uA 0 -1 IO IIN Lecture 15-18 Common Base Amplifier • Gain is close to unity • Very low input impedance --- great for impedance matching (e.g. 50 ohms) • Large output impedance -- approximately RC • Great high frequency behavior -- more on this later... VCC RC vo RS C1 I vs -VEE Lecture 15-19 Current Source Biasing • Instead of resistors, a current source is used to bias the transistor in this example • Current sources can be used to bias other amplifier types too • Building a current source is less expensive than building a resistor on an IC --- we’ll be addressing IC issues such as this much more extensively beginning with the next lecture VCC RC vo RS C1 I vs -VEE Lecture 15-20 Current Buffer • Can be used as a current buffer • Macromodel: i i io v R α R v i i ii o o Lecture 15-21 Small Signal Equivalent Circuit • Since the base is grounded, we would probably select the T-model from Lecture 13 C ic α ie B ib r ie e E • What parameters are being ignored in this simplified T-model? And what is the potential impact? Lecture 15-22 Common Base Small Signal Analysis Lecture 15-23 Common Base Small Signal Analysis Lecture 15-24.