Assessment of the Current Situation in each Case Cities -Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai Submitted as Report of Work package 2, CLIMATRANS project Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Demography ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Economy ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Bangalore ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Delhi ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Mumbai ................................................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2 Transport System and Technological Development .......................................................... 12 2.1 Bangalore .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Road Network ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Rail Network ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.3 Public Transportation ........................................................................................................... 13 2.1.4 Private Motorised Vehicles .................................................................................................. 18 2.1.5 Non-Motorized Modes of Transport .................................................................................... 19 2.2 Delhi ............................................................................................................................................ 20 2.2.1 Road Network System .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Railway Network .................................................................................................................. 21 2.2.3 Public Transport ................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 Private Motorised vehicles................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Mumbai................................................................................................................................. 27 2.3.1 Road Network ............................................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Rail Network ......................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.3 Public Transport ................................................................................................................... 28 2.3.4 Private Transport ................................................................................................................. 32 2.3.5 Non-motorized ..................................................................................................................... 33 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3 Mobility and Motorisation .................................................................................................. 36 3.1 Bangalore .................................................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Delhi ............................................................................................................................................ 37 3.3 Mumbai ...................................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 4 Institutions ........................................................................................................................... 44 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2 Method and data ........................................................................................................................ 44 4.3 Analytical Perspectives .............................................................................................................. 45 4.4 Organizing the transport sector – insights from three cities .................................................... 46 4.4.1 Vehicle taxes and regulations .............................................................................................. 47 4.4.2 Strategic plans, land use and development ......................................................................... 48 4.4.3 Road infrastructure operation ............................................................................................. 50 4.4.4 Police .................................................................................................................................... 50 4.4.5 Bus Services .......................................................................................................................... 51 4.4.6 Rail and Metro Services ....................................................................................................... 51 4.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 5 Local environment ............................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 56 5.2 Model set up ............................................................................................................................... 56 5.3 Validation ................................................................................................................................... 56 5.3.1 IASI satellite mission: CO and O3 .......................................................................................... 56 5.3.2 AERONET: AOD ..................................................................................................................... 58 5.3.3 In situ measurements .......................................................................................................... 59 5.4. Examples of simulated distributions ........................................................................................ 61 5.4.1. Composition of aerosols over the stations ......................................................................... 61 5.4.2. Concentrations over cities .................................................................................................. 61 5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives .................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 6 Rainfall analysis ................................................................................................................... 63 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 63 6.2 Data ............................................................................................................................................. 63 6.3 Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 63 References ............................................................................................................................................ 70 List of Tables Table 1: Summary of key statistics in three case cities ........................................................................... 8 Table 2: Key demographic indicators in three case cities ....................................................................... 8 Table 3: Economic Sectors (Bangalore) .................................................................................................. 9 Table 4: Workforce Participation (Bangalore) ........................................................................................ 9 Table 5: Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at Current Prices ........................................................ 10 Table 6: Workforce Participation Rate - 2011....................................................................................... 10 Table 7: GDDP at constant (2004-05) Prices in MMR (2008 - 2013) ..................................................... 11 Table 8: Work participation rate in MMR (2011 census) ...................................................................... 11 Table 9: BMTC Statistics ........................................................................................................................ 13 Table 10: Number of Registered Vehicles in Bangalore ....................................................................... 18 Table 11: Bus Transport